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critical thinking
Definition of critical thinking
Examples of critical thinking in a sentence, word history.
1815, in the meaning defined at sense 1
Dictionary Entries Near critical thinking
critical temperature
critical value
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“Critical thinking.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/critical%20thinking. Accessed 22 Dec. 2024.
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Meaning of critical thinking in English
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- adjudication
- analytically
- interpretable
- interpretive
- interpretively
- reinterpretation
- reinvestigate
- reinvestigation
- risk assessment
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What is Critical Thinking
Critical thinking consists of two words: critical and thinking. The word critical often means saying what is wrong with somebody/something. We are critical of something which we don’t like. However, finding fault in something or someone is not the goal of critical thinking. Instead, critical thinking implies the ability to objectively analyze information wherein we discuss both the positive and negative points and then do a careful and rational evaluation to draw a rational conclusion.
Critical thinking is difficult to define because it is not a subject like science, history or philosophy. These disciplines are based on facts or observations and can be expressed precisely. Instead, it is a form of meta-knowledge that helps us understand the quality of the knowledge or information.
Coursera defines critical thinking as the ability to interpret, evaluate, and analyze facts and information that are available to form a judgment or decide if something is right or wrong. 1
Linda Elder defines critical thinking as self-guided, self-disciplined thinking which attempts to reason at the highest level of quality in a fair-minded way. 2
Critical thinking has also been defined as the analysis of available facts, evidence, observations, and arguments to form a judgment by applying rational, sceptical, and unbiased analyses and evaluations. Accordingly, the critical thinking must have the following components,
- Rational : The assessment of critical thinkers must be based on reason rather than intuition or emotion. He
- Sceptical : When you believe something, you have no doubt in your mind about the matter of your belief, and you are one hundred per cent sure about the veracity of your belief. However, a critical thinker is open-minded because he knows that absolute truth is unknowable. Hence, he is always sceptical about his judgement because there is always a possibility that his judgement is wrong, at least partially. Accordingly, he is willing to change his opinion when new facts come into his knowledge.
- Unbiased : A critical thinker must be unbiased because your personal interest in your assessment may affect the integrity of your decision. He must have no prejudice for or against something.
- Analysis : A critical thinker must study and examine the issue in detail, analyze the pros and cons, positive and negative, and then make the decision based on all facts and evidence.
- Evaluation : A critical thinker must evaluate the issue in all its dimensions to judge or calculate the quality, importance, amount, or value of something
While the term’ critical thinking’ has a recent origin, there is nothing new in the concept behind it. The following words of Gautama Buddha, stated more than two thousand five hundred years ago, capture the spirit of critical thinking very accurately,
“Do not believe in anything simply because you have heard it. Do not believe in anything simply because it is spoken and rumoured by many. Do not believe in anything simply because it is found written in your religious books. Do not believe in anything merely on the authority of your teachers and elders. Do not believe in traditions because they have been handed down for many generations.
But after observation and analysis, when you find that anything agrees with reason and is conducive to the good and benefit of one and all, then accept it and live up to it.”
Steps of Critical Thinking
There are no standard protocols for critical thinking. It is not a knowledge but a mindset. A critical thinker may, however, follow these steps to develop critical thinking.
1: Assessment of information
You must correctly assess the quality of information. This can be done by knowing the source of information. For instance, if the information is published in a reputable scientific journal, it is more likely to be true. Similarly, the information published in textbooks, government websites and reputed sites like Wikipedia are mostly true since these sites insist on providing proper sources of information. In case of doubt, you can always refer to the primary source for accurate information. However, if the information is available on social media like WhatsApp or Facebook, the credibility of the information is low, and one should not accept it without proper scrutiny.
2: Understand Biases
All human beings are emotional creatures and, hence, have biases. For instance, we are biased if the matter pertains to our country, our religion, our language or our family. Hence, our decisions are coloured by our emotions, and we tend to favour those we like and disfavour those we dislike. Similarly, our minds make most of our decisions based on certain heuristics or thumb rules, which we develop through our experiences in life. As a result, we suffer from cognitive bias and commit predictable errors. We shall study the cognitive and emotional biases in detail in later chapters. Fortunately, we can identify these biases and correct them to make better decisions in life
3: Develop rationality through logical reasoning
Humans are considered rational animals since they can think and decide an issue based on logic and reason. Even when they are driven by emotions and practice faith, they have a reason for doing so. Unfortunately, most people don’t have the formal knowledge of logical analysis. As a result, they use erroneous reasons to justify their false beliefs. A critical thinker must learn how to reason by learning about arguments so as to discover the truth and differentiate it from untruth.
4: Understand logical fallacies
Logic is a complex subject because it is never easy to differentiate between correct and incorrect reasoning. As a result, many people can convince others using false arguments, often called logical fallacies. Logical fallacies are quite deceptive since they look like genuine arguments which are often good enough to convince most people. Knowledge of logical fallacies can help critical thinkers protect themselves from such fallacious arguments and convince others to identify fallacies using proper reasoning.
5: Emotional Management and Empathy
Human beings want to maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain. Pleasure or pain are related to our feelings. Hence, what feels good also seems to be right to us. Similarly, we usually consider a thing wrong if it leads to unpleasant feelings. Our emotions are subjective and based on our nature, upbringing and life experiences. Hence, what looks good and right to us may not be so for other people. For instance, if you are a meat eater, you may love eating meat and salivate even at the sight of cooked meat. However, the same meat preparation may be so repulsive to a vegetarian so much that he may even vomit at the sight of it. Hence, a critical thinker must avoid using emotions, which are personal and subjective, while making important decisions in life. Instead, he must be empathetic and try to understand other people’s emotions by putting himself in other people’s shoes.
6: Justify the truth using sound arguments
It is not sufficient to know the truth; you must also be able to convince others to accept the truth using logic, reasoning, and evidence. For instance, suppose you are a cop who has seen a murder or any other crime taking place before your eyes. Naturally, you want the criminal to be punished. While your statement as a witness can be useful in punishing the criminal, it will not be sufficient, as you can’t be an investigator and a witness at the same time. In order to convince the judge, you must have some collaborative evidence like fingerprint, motive, etc. If you record the voice or the video of the crime, it would be considered far more reliable for the purpose of investigation than merely being a witness’s statement. However, if such strong evidence is not available, you have to provide some independent evidence and convince others using logic and reason. Similarly, a critical thinker must collect evidence to prove his findings and use logic and reason to convince
7: Make the best decision
Real-world problems are not like textbook problems, where the right answers are already decided and known. When we make decisions in real life, we have to make assumptions about the unknown factors, assess the risk, and evaluate the probability of success in each decision. We can’t be sure of the correctness of our decision because only the future will tell if our decision has been correct. If we achieve the objective, our decisions will be considered right; otherwise, they will be wrong.
Colin Powell, a distinguished officer and 4-star general, developed his own rule of thumb for making tough decisions in life, which he called his 40-70 rule. The rule states that you need between 40 and 70 per cent of the total information to make a decision. You make a hasty decision if you have less s than 40 per cent of the information, and if you fail to decide even after you have 70% of the information, it may be too late.
The 40-70 rule can be interpreted in another way as well. When making an important decision, don’t choose a course of action with less than a 40% chance of success. However, don’t postpone the decision-making if you have a 70% chance of success. If you don’t make a decision unless you are 100% sure of the success, you will probably never be able to make courageous decisions in life. However, the calculation of the percentage of information or probability of success is not an easy task. Only an experienced person can calculate the probability accurately using his intuition and make the best decision. A critical thinker not only develops insight into the possibility of success but must also be able to convince others using reason and logic.
Qualities of a critical thinker
When we follow the aforementioned steps to develop critical thinking, we gradually transform ourselves from being an ordinary thinker to a critical thinker. We seek truth and engage in self-reflection. We develop the habit of using reason instead of emotions to make important decisions in our personal and professional lives. A critical thinker is not an emotionless, stone-hearted person who does not feel for the world. Instead, he is a person whose emotions is under control, and he can act rationally depending on the situation. He knows when to use emotions and when to avoid emotions while making decisions. Hence, the judgement of a critical thinker is fair, just, unbiased and unselfish.
A critical thinker doesn’t believe anything blindly, even if it is written in the holy books or the whole world believes it. He would not accept anything without reasoning. He questions the existing ideas, beliefs and dogma and always looks for reason and evidence before accepting something.
Critical thinkers must be able to speak and write clearly to express their thoughts and ideas lucidly. They must be good at persuading other people using reason, logic and evidence. However, they should also be open-minded to accept their mistakes and learn new things in life. Hence, they can be persuaded to change their opinion and perspective if there are sufficient reasons and evidence. Accordingly, a critical thinker is always ready to accept new explanations, theories, paradigms and models to understand reality better. A critical thinker is a practical person who does not follow any theory or ideology blindly, but uses them creatively and improvce them to find solutions to the complex problems of life.
Importance of Critical Thinking
Critical thinking is one of the most important skills needed in the modern world to navigate through the challenges of the modern world. It is no wonder that people with critical thinking skills are in high demand in every field of life. For example, in a survey conducted by the Association of American Colleges and Universities (AAC&U, 2011), 95% of the chief academic officers from 433 institutions rated critical thinking as one of the most important intellectual skills for their students. The finding resonated with voices from the workforce, in that 81% of the employers surveyed by AAC&U (2011) wanted colleges to place a stronger emphasis on critical thinking. Similarly, Casner-Lotto and Barrington (2006) found that among 400 surveyed employers, 92.1% identified critical thinking/problem solving as a very important skill for 4-year college graduates to be successful in today’s workforce.In a research conducted by the Educational Testing Service (ETS, 2013), the vice presidents of academic affairs from more than 200 institutions were interviewed regarding the most commonly measured general education skills, and critical thinking was one of the most frequently mentioned competencies considered essential for both academic and career success. [Casner-Lotto and Barrington (2006)] 3
References :
- https://www.coursera.org/articles/critical-thinking-skills ↩︎
- https://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/defining-critical-thinking/766 ↩︎
- https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1109287.pdf ↩︎
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Critical Thinking: What It Is and Why It Matters
Defining critical thinking dispositions and why they’re crucial..
Posted September 23, 2024 | Reviewed by Devon Frye
- Another way to think about and measure critical thinking is to include aspects of motivational dispositions.
- Dispositions include open-mindedness and a willingness to be reflective when evaluating information.
- People scoring low in critical thinking dispositions tend to “keep it simple” when something is complex.
- Critical thinking dispositions help individuals avoid oversimplification and can facilitate awareness of bias.
Critical thinking springs from the notion of reflective thought proposed by Dewey (1933), who borrowed from the work of philosophers such as William James and Charles Peirce. Reflective thought was defined as the process of suspending judgment, remaining open-minded, maintaining a healthy skepticism, and taking responsibility for one’s own development (Gerber et al., 2005; Stoyanov & Kirshner, 2007).
Kurland (1995) suggested, “Critical thinking is concerned with reason, intellectual honesty, and open-mindedness, as opposed to emotionalism, intellectual laziness, and closed-mindedness. Thus, critical thinking involves… considering all possibilities… being precise; considering a variety of possible viewpoints and explanations; weighing the effects of motives and biases; being concerned more with finding the truth than with being right…being aware of one’s own prejudices and biases” (p. 3). Thus, being able to perspective-take and becoming conscious of one’s own biases are potential benefits of critical thinking capacities.
Reviews of the critical thinking literature (e.g., Bensley, 2023) suggest that the assessment of this construct ought to include aspects of motivational dispositions. Numerous frameworks of critical thinking dispositions have been proposed (e.g., Bensley, 2018; Butler & Halpern, 2019; Dwyer, 2017); some commonly identified dispositions are open-mindedness, intellectual engagement, and a proclivity to take a reflective stance or approach to evaluating information and the views and beliefs of both oneself and others. Demir (2022) posited that critical thinking dispositions reflect persons’ attitudes toward and routine ways of responding to new information and diverging ideas, willingness to engage in nuanced and complex rather than either/or reductionistic thinking, and perseverance in attempts to understand and resolve complex problems.
Other examples of dispositions are inquisitiveness, open-mindedness, tolerance for ambiguity, thinking about thinking, honesty in assessing or evaluating biases, and willingness to reconsider one’s own views and ways of doing things (Facione et al., 2001). Individual personality attributes associated with these proclivities include a need for cognition (a desire for intellectual stimulation), which is positively associated with critical thinking, and the need for closure (a motivated cognitive style in which individuals prefer predictability, firm answers, and rapid decision making ) and anti-intellectualism (a resentment of “the life of the mind” and those who represent it), both negatively associated with critical thinking.
Further, an ideological component that can impede critical thinking is dogmatism . In addition, rigid, dichotomous thinking impedes critical thinking in that it oversimplifies the complexity of social life in a pluralistic society (Bensley, 2023; Cheung et al., 2002; Halpern & Dunn, 2021) and tries to reduce complicated phenomena and resolve complex problems via “either/or” formulations and simplistic solutions.
In other words, folks with low critical thinking dispositions would tend to “keep it simple” when something is really quite complicated, and think it absolute terms and categories rather than seeing “the gray” in between the black and white extremes.
In sum, critical thinking dispositions are vitally important because they may help individuals avoid oversimplifying reality; they also permit perspective-taking and can facilitate their awareness of diversity and systematic biases, such as racial or gender bias . Some research has indicated that critical thinking dispositions uniquely contribute to academic performance beyond general cognition (Ren et al., 2020), and may help to reduce unsubstantiated claims and conspiracy beliefs (Bensley, 2023; Lantian et al., 2021).
But before we can study the potential impact of critical thinking dispositions, it is necessary to have a reliable, valid, and hopefully brief measure for this construct. I will discuss the development and validation of a measure of critical thinking dispositions in another post.
Bensley, D.A. ( 2023.) Critical thinking, intelligence, and unsubstantiated beliefs: An integrative review. Journal of Intelligence, 1 , 207. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11110207
Bensley, D.A. (2018). Critical thinking in psychology and everyday life: A guide to effective thinking . New York: Worth Publishers.
Butler, H.A., & Halpern, D.F. (2019). Is critical thinking a better model of intelligence? In Robert J. Sternberg (Ed.) The Nature of Intelligence (pp. 183–96). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cheung, C.-K, Rudowicz. E., Kwan, A., & Yue, X.. (2002). Assessing university students’ general and specific criticalthinking. College Student Journal, 36 , 504 – 25.
Demir, E. (2022). An examination of high school students’ critical thinking dispositions and analytical thinking skills. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 6 , 190–200. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPR.202217357
Dewey, J. (1933). How we think: A restatement of the relation of reflective thinking to the educative process . Lexington: Heath and Company.
Dwyer, C. P. (2017). Critical thinking: Conceptual perspectives and practical guidelines . Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.
Facione, P., Facione, N,C,, & Giancarlo, C.A.F. (2001(. California Critical Disposition Inventory . Millbrae: California Academic Press.
Gerber, S., Scott, L., Clements, D.H., & Sarama, J. (2005). Instructor influence on reasoned argument in discussion boards. Educational Technology, Research & Development, 53 , 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02504864
Halpern, D. F., & Dunn, D.S. (2021). Critical thinking: A model of intelligence for solving real-world problems. Journal of Intelligence, 9 , 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence9020022
Kurland, D. (1995). I know what it says… What does it mean? Critical skills for critical reading . Belmont: Wadsworth.
Lantian, A., Bagneux, V., Delouvee, S., & Gauvrit, N. (2021). Maybe a free thinker but not a critical one: High conspiracybelief is associated with low critical thinking ability. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35 , 674 – 84. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3790
Ren, X., Tong, Y., Peng, P. & Wang, T. (2020). Critical thinking predicts academic performance beyond general cognitiveability: Evidence from adults and children. Intelligence, 82 , 101487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2020.101487
Stoyanov, S., & Kirschner, P. ( 2007). Effect of problem solving support and cognitive styles on idea generation:Implications for technology-enhanced learning. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 40 , 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2007.10782496
Kyle D. Killian, Ph.D., LMFT is the author of Interracial Couples, Intimacy and Therapy: Crossing Racial Borders.
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Critical thinking refers to the ability to analyze information objectively and make a reasoned judgment. It involves the evaluation of sources, such as data, facts, observable phenomena, and research findings.
Good critical thinkers can draw reasonable conclusions from a set of information, and discriminate between useful and less useful details to solve problems or make decisions. These skills are especially helpful at school and in the workplace, where employers prioritize the ability to think critically. Find out why and see how you can demonstrate that you have this ability.
Examples of Critical Thinking
The circumstances that demand critical thinking vary from industry to industry. Some examples include:
- A triage nurse analyzes the cases at hand and decides the order by which the patients should be treated.
- A plumber evaluates the materials that would best suit a particular job.
- An attorney reviews the evidence and devises a strategy to win a case or to decide whether to settle out of court.
- A manager analyzes customer feedback forms and uses this information to develop a customer service training session for employees.
Why Do Employers Value Critical Thinking Skills?
Employers want job candidates who can evaluate a situation using logical thought and offer the best solution.
Someone with critical thinking skills can be trusted to make decisions independently, and will not need constant handholding.
Hiring a critical thinker means that micromanaging won't be required. Critical thinking abilities are among the most sought-after skills in almost every industry and workplace. You can demonstrate critical thinking by using related keywords in your resume and cover letter and during your interview.
How to Demonstrate Critical Thinking in a Job Search
If critical thinking is a key phrase in the job listings you are applying for, be sure to emphasize your critical thinking skills throughout your job search.
Add Keywords to Your Resume
You can use critical thinking keywords (analytical, problem solving, creativity, etc.) in your resume. When describing your work history, include top critical thinking skills that accurately describe you. You can also include them in your resume summary, if you have one.
For example, your summary might read, “Marketing Associate with five years of experience in project management. Skilled in conducting thorough market research and competitor analysis to assess market trends and client needs, and to develop appropriate acquisition tactics.”
Mention Skills in Your Cover Letter
Include these critical thinking skills in your cover letter. In the body of your letter, mention one or two of these skills, and give specific examples of times when you have demonstrated them at work. Think about times when you had to analyze or evaluate materials to solve a problem.
Show the Interviewer Your Skills
You can use these skill words in an interview. Discuss a time when you were faced with a particular problem or challenge at work and explain how you applied critical thinking to solve it.
Some interviewers will give you a hypothetical scenario or problem, and ask you to use critical thinking skills to solve it. In this case, explain your thought process thoroughly to the interviewer. He or she is typically more focused on how you arrive at your solution rather than the solution itself. The interviewer wants to see you analyze and evaluate (key parts of critical thinking) the given scenario or problem.
Of course, each job will require different skills and experiences, so make sure you read the job description carefully and focus on the skills listed by the employer.
Top Critical Thinking Skills
Keep these in-demand skills in mind as you refine your critical thinking practice —whether for work or school.
Part of critical thinking is the ability to carefully examine something, whether it is a problem, a set of data, or a text. People with analytical skills can examine information, understand what it means, and properly explain to others the implications of that information.
- Asking Thoughtful Questions
- Data Analysis
- Interpretation
- Questioning Evidence
- Recognizing Patterns
Communication
Often, you will need to share your conclusions with your employers or with a group of classmates or colleagues. You need to be able to communicate with others to share your ideas effectively. You might also need to engage in critical thinking in a group. In this case, you will need to work with others and communicate effectively to figure out solutions to complex problems.
- Active Listening
- Collaboration
- Explanation
- Interpersonal
- Presentation
- Verbal Communication
- Written Communication
Critical thinking often involves creativity and innovation. You might need to spot patterns in the information you are looking at or come up with a solution that no one else has thought of before. All of this involves a creative eye that can take a different approach from all other approaches.
- Flexibility
- Conceptualization
- Imagination
- Drawing Connections
- Synthesizing
Open-Mindedness
To think critically, you need to be able to put aside any assumptions or judgments and merely analyze the information you receive. You need to be objective, evaluating ideas without bias.
- Objectivity
- Observation
Problem-Solving
Problem-solving is another critical thinking skill that involves analyzing a problem, generating and implementing a solution, and assessing the success of the plan. Employers don’t simply want employees who can think about information critically. They also need to be able to come up with practical solutions.
- Attention to Detail
- Clarification
- Decision Making
- Groundedness
- Identifying Patterns
More Critical Thinking Skills
- Inductive Reasoning
- Deductive Reasoning
- Noticing Outliers
- Adaptability
- Emotional Intelligence
- Brainstorming
- Optimization
- Restructuring
- Integration
- Strategic Planning
- Project Management
- Ongoing Improvement
- Causal Relationships
- Case Analysis
- Diagnostics
- SWOT Analysis
- Business Intelligence
- Quantitative Data Management
- Qualitative Data Management
- Risk Management
- Scientific Method
- Consumer Behavior
Key Takeaways
- Demonstrate you have critical thinking skills by adding relevant keywords to your resume.
- Mention pertinent critical thinking skills in your cover letter, too, and include an example of a time when you demonstrated them at work.
- Finally, highlight critical thinking skills during your interview. For instance, you might discuss a time when you were faced with a challenge at work and explain how you applied critical thinking skills to solve it.
University of Louisville. " What is Critical Thinking ."
American Management Association. " AMA Critical Skills Survey: Workers Need Higher Level Skills to Succeed in the 21st Century ."
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COMMENTS
The meaning of CRITICAL THINKING is the act or practice of thinking critically (as by applying reason and questioning assumptions) in order to solve problems, evaluate information, discern biases, etc..
Critical thinking is the process of analyzing available facts, evidence, observations, and arguments to make sound conclusions or informed choices. It involves recognizing underlying assumptions, providing justifications for ideas and actions, evaluating these justifications through comparisons with varying perspectives, and assessing their rationality and potential consequences. [1]
CRITICAL THINKING meaning: 1. the process of thinking carefully about a subject or idea, without allowing feelings or opinions…. Learn more.
Critical thinking is a kind of thinking in which you question, analyse, interpret, evaluate and make a judgement about what you read, hear, say, or write. The term critical comes from the Greek word kritikos meaning “able to judge or discern”. Good critical thinking is about making reliable judgements based on reliable information.
Critical thinking consists of two words: critical and thinking. The word critical often means saying what is wrong with somebody/something. We are critical of something which we don’t like. However, finding fault in something or someone is not the goal of critical thinking. Instead, critical thinking implies the ability to objectively analyze ...
Nov 25, 2024 · Critical thinking, in educational theory, mode of cognition using deliberative reasoning and impartial scrutiny of information to arrive at a possible solution to a problem. From the perspective of educators, critical thinking encompasses both a set of logical skills that can be taught and a
Sep 23, 2024 · In addition, rigid, dichotomous thinking impedes critical thinking in that it oversimplifies the complexity of social life in a pluralistic society (Bensley, 2023; Cheung et al., 2002; Halpern ...
Nov 21, 2023 · Critical thinking is the process of using evidence and logical reasoning to make informed decisions and arrive at considered judgments. The term has its origins in ancient Greek, and the most ...
May 28, 2024 · Demonstrate you have critical thinking skills by adding relevant keywords to your resume. Mention pertinent critical thinking skills in your cover letter, too, and include an example of a time when you demonstrated them at work. Finally, highlight critical thinking skills during your interview.
May 30, 2022 · Critical thinking is important in all disciplines and throughout all stages of the research process. The types of evidence used in the sciences and in the humanities may differ, but critical thinking skills are relevant to both. In academic writing, critical thinking can help you to determine whether a source: Is free from research bias ...