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20 Famous Psychology Experiments That Shaped Our Understanding

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1.stanford prison experiment.

2.Milgram Experiment

3.little albert experiment.

4.Asch Conformity Experiment

5.harlow’s monkey experiment.

6.Bobo Doll Experiment

7.the marshmallow test.

8.Robbers Cave Experiment

9.the monster study.

10.The Standford Marshmallow Experiment

11.the hawthorne effect.

12.The Strange Situation

13.the still face experiment.

14.Pavlov’s Dogs

15.the milgram experiment.

16.The Robbers Cave Experiment

17.the harlow monkey experiment, 18.the bystander effect, 19.the zimbardo prison experiment.

20.The Ainsworth Strange Situation Experiment

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Famous Psychology Experiments to Study

Published on: May 3, 2022

What we know about human psychology today comes from a number of tests, experiments and research projects that explored the way humans think, behave and interact with one another. Historically, many of these projects pushed the ethical limits of the day and may not be something we can repeat. Yet studying their results gives us amazing insight into the human mind. From mood disorders like depression to discovering how people interact with groups, ground-breaking psychological experiments are fascinating to study.

Why Is Research Important in Psychology?

Unlike biology and chemistry, much of psychology is a social or “soft” science. The ideas and feelings of the human mind are not something researchers can easily measure or repeat in a laboratory. Thus, they are not always something people can predict.

Psychology experiments are invaluable because it gives psychologists the chance to observe and study human behavior. Carefully designed research studies can provide insight into how physiological disorders work and who might be more at risk for them. These studies can provide insight into how people build and grow relationships, how children develop and build bonds, and much more. Psychology studies can also show how psychological health and mental disorders affect individuals and society as a whole. In the case of mental health concerns, it is through research that psychologists find effective treatments to help improve the quality of life for people who are struggling.

Types of Psychology Research Methods

Psychology research falls into one of three basic categories:

Descriptive: Simply describes the features of a group or behavioral phenomena but does not look at how, when, or why.

Correlational: Looks for statistical connections between pieces of data or variables in the test or experiment.

Experimental: Uses proven scientific methods to explore psychology and what drives behavior and mental health.

Experimental psychology is typically where tests and experiments take place. These psychologists use test subjects to study issues in the field.

Influential and Famous Psychology Experiments

The research and experiments of the psychologists of the past have given the field tremendous insight into a wide range of topics. Many experiments pushed the envelope of ethics, often putting people in distressing or difficult scenarios that would not be allowed today. Yet they did bring new knowledge to the field. Here are some of the experiments that are still impacting the world of psychology and mental health treatment today.

Developmental Psychology Experiments

Developmental psychology studies the development, change and consistency of an individual's mental abilities and psychological well-being throughout their life. Developmental psychology often looks at the development of children and their thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Some historical psychological studies have provided insight into child development that professionals still use today.

Little Albert and the Rat   – In the early 1900s, psychologist John Watson did experiments on a newborn to see if he could create a fear of rats. He exposed a nine-month-old baby boy who was not afraid of rats to the creatures while making a loud noise. Soon, the baby associated rats with the noise and became afraid of them.

Bobo Doll Experiment  – In the early 1960s, psychologists were fascinated with the question of nature versus nurture in child development. This particular experiment studied how aggressive children were when watching other children. Albert Bandura and a team of researchers exposed 24 kids to a group of adults who were acting aggressively toward a doll called Bobo. Another group watched the adults play with the doll nicely, while the final group didn’t see the doll.

After the observation, the children were placed into different scenarios, such as having researchers give them toys to play with, take toys away, or give them aggressive toys, like mallets or toy guns. Bandura and his team found that children who saw aggression toward the Bobo doll were more likely to show aggression in their own play than those who did not observe aggressive adults. They then theorized that social imitation drives human behavior more than human genetics.

Fantz’z Looking Chamber  – Robert L. Fantz carried out an experiment in 1961 that showed important insight into infant development and vision. Before his experiment, researchers had few thoughts on how to study the developing mind of a newborn. In his experiment, Fantz placed newborns into a box and showed them two patterns on the ceiling above them, one of a bull’s eye and one of a human face. Researchers found that babies as young as two months had a clear preference for looking at the human face, which showed humans have an in-born ability to recognize human faces.

Surrogate Mother Experiment  – Psychologist Harry Harlow developed a series of studies in the late 1950s and early 1960s to determine the role of a mother’s love in the development of a child. He used young rhesus monkeys for his experiment, separating the babies from their birth mothers and giving them to two surrogates. One surrogate was simply wire and wood with a bottle connected to it, while the other was a plush terrycloth with no food. Researchers found that the baby monkeys spent significantly more time with the soft, plush “mother” than with the one that had food. He then placed monkeys in various new situations, and only those infant monkeys who had a plush surrogate were confident enough to explore scary situations. Harlow theorized that love and nurture and the parent-child relationship were vital to the development of a baby.

Social Psychology Experiments

Social psychology explores the impact others have on an individual's ideas, feelings and behaviors. This impact can be due to both the real presence of other people or the implied presence of society or a group as a whole, even without their physical presence. These famous social psychology experiments have greatly impacted the understanding of sociology.

The Good Samaritan Experiment  – In the Good Samaritan Experiment, students were given religious education, then were asked to go from one building to the next. Researchers placed a man acting like he was wounded and in need of help between the two buildings. If the group of students was not pressed for time, almost two-thirds of the students stopped to help the actor. Only 1 in 10 was willing to do so when the researchers put them on a deadline.

To add to the experiment, researchers gave one group the task of going to the next building to make a speech on helping others. This change increased the chances that they would stop to help by almost two times. The conclusion was that people’s ideas had a significant impact on whether or not they were willing to help others.

Robbers Cave Experiment  –  Researchers from the University of Oklahoma performed this experiment in 1954. They created two groups of pre-teen boys, then sent them to summer camp. After spending a week with just their cabin mates, the groups came together for some activities and competitions.

The groups were clearly biased and antagonistic with the members of the other group. When the researchers tried to increase their time together to reduce this prejudice, the prejudice got worse. It was not until the groups were given a task on which to work together that the tension eased. Researchers theorized that group conflict often occurs when groups must compete over necessary resources.

Ross’ False Consensus Effect Study  – Lee Ross, a social psychology professor at Stanford University, ran an experiment in 1977 that looked at the way people make wrong assumptions, or a “false consensus,” about others and their preferences. He did two studies to draw these conclusions.

First, Ross and his associates asked participants to read about conflict and guess how people would respond. Most participants guessed that others would respond the same way they did. Next, Ross asked participants to walk around campus wearing a sign that said, “Eat at Joe’s.” Subjects were told they would get a reward if they wore the sign. They then asked how many of the study participants they thought would also agree to wear the sign. Over half felt that others would make the same choice they did. Based on these two studies, Ross theorized that people naturally assumed others around them would make the same choices they did.

The Milgram Experiments  –  Stanley Milgram performed a series of obedience tests in 1963 that had rather frightening parameters. In his experiment, he asked volunteers to apply severe electrical shocks to another person. The shocks did not actually hurt, but the other person acted as if they were in severe pain. Even in this difficult scenario, 65% of the participants were willing to obey the experimenter and inflict pain on the other person. Based on these results, Milgram theorized that many of those people who committed horrible crimes in World War II justified their actions because they were just “obeying orders.”

Controversial and Unethical Psychology Experiments

Many psychology experiments in the past did not follow good ethical parameters. Though the results have helped our understanding of psychology today, the methods remain questionable. In addition to experiments like The Milgram Experiments or Little Albert and the Rat, which have already been mentioned, here are fascinating and sometimes disturbing psychology experiments:

Seligman’s Investigation and Learned Helplessness  – In this classic experiment, Seligman placed dogs in a box with two chambers, one of which had an electrified floor. If dogs were placed in the box after being administered electrical shocks they could not predict or control, then those dogs would not attempt to get away from the shocking floor. Dogs that had not been shocked prior to going in the box would quickly jump over the barrier to avoid the floor. This led to the  theory of learned helplessness , which postulates that people who were once in helpless situations may not attempt to improve their current situation, even if they can.

The Monster Study  – The Monster Study in 1939 took a group of children with speech impediments and tested whether positive or negative reinforcement worked best. Some children were given praise for fluency, while the other was given severe treatment for speech problems. Those who received negative reinforcement actually stopped speaking, while those who were given praise were able to improve their speech.

The Aversion Project  – From 1971 to 1987, researchers in South Africa imprisoned homosexual men and women in a military hospital. They performed aversion treatment, which was a form of torture, to try to get these individuals to change their sexual identities. Few positive results occurred, and many of the forced participants either died due to treatment or due to suicide after the program ceased.

Stanford Prison Study  – In the Stanford Prison Study of the 1970s, participants were placed in a fabricated prison environment. Some were assigned the role of guard, while others were assigned the role of an inmate. The guards were given a tremendous amount of control over the inmates, performing horrific punishments on them. Many inmate participants experienced paranoia as the cruelty of the guards increased. The experiment only lasted six days, but it showed that human behavior is quite situational, and people will quickly fall into an assigned role if the conditions are right.

Learn More About Human Behavior With a Degree in Psychology

Psychology continues to grow as a profession and a field. Though there have been questionable studies in the past, today there are clear guidelines and ethics that control this field. If you are interested in studying human thought and behavior, check out Husson University's  online psychology degree  today.

https://www.psychologicalscience.org/publications/observer/obsonline/harlows-classic-studies-revealed-the-importance-of-maternal-contact.html#:~:text=Based%20on%20this%20observation%2C%20Harlow,rubber%20and%20soft%20terry%20cloth.

https://www.simplypsychology.org/robbers-cave.html

https://www.prisonexp.org/

https://www.simplypsychology.org/false-consensus-effect.html

https://www.spring.org.uk/2022/02/monster-study-stuttering.php

https://positivepsychology.com/learned-helplessness-seligman-theory-depression-cure/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC535952/

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/darwins-subterranean-world/201703/my-favorite-psychology-study

https://www.apa.org/monitor/2010/01/little-albert

https://www.onlinepsychologydegree.info/influential-psychological-experiments/

https://www.verywellmind.com/classic-psychology-experiments-2795257

https://study.com/academy/lesson/famous-childhood-development-experiments.html

https://www.verywellmind.com/the-milgram-obedience-experiment-2795243

https://historyofyesterday.com/six-of-the-most-controversial-psychology-experiments-in-history-c8842b73ea4e

https://www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html

https://explorable.com/false-consensus-effect

https://www.newsweek.com/stanford-prison-experiment-age-justice-reform-359247

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Human Behavior Experiments: Unveiling the Science Behind Our Actions

A startling glimpse into the human psyche emerges as scientists peel back the layers of our behavior, revealing the complex interplay of forces that shape our actions and decisions. This fascinating journey into the depths of human nature has captivated researchers for decades, sparking a relentless pursuit to understand why we do what we do. From the mundane to the extraordinary, our behavior is a tapestry woven from countless threads of influence, each one tugging us in different directions.

But what exactly are human behavior experiments, and why do they matter? At their core, these scientific endeavors aim to unravel the mysteries of our minds, shedding light on the hidden motivations and unconscious biases that drive us. They’re like a magnifying glass held up to society, exposing the intricate dance of social norms, personal beliefs, and environmental factors that choreograph our daily lives.

The history of behavioral research is a wild ride, full of twists and turns that would make even the most daring rollercoaster enthusiast dizzy. It all kicked off in the late 19th century when psychology began to emerge as a distinct scientific discipline. Pioneers like Wilhelm Wundt and William James laid the groundwork, but it wasn’t until the 20th century that things really got interesting.

Enter the behaviorists, led by the indomitable John B. Watson. These folks were all about observable actions, tossing introspection out the window like yesterday’s newspaper. They believed that behavior is the key to understanding the human mind , and boy, did they run with that idea! Their experiments ranged from the clever to the downright bizarre, but they all shared one goal: to crack the code of human behavior.

As the field of psychology matured, so did the importance of human behavior experiments in the social sciences. These studies became the bread and butter of researchers, offering a window into the soul of society. They helped us understand everything from how we form relationships to why we sometimes make spectacularly bad decisions. It’s like having a backstage pass to the greatest show on Earth – the human experience.

Landmark Human Behavior Experiments: When Science Got Wild

Now, let’s dive into some of the most jaw-dropping experiments that shook the foundations of behavioral science. Buckle up, folks – it’s going to be a bumpy ride!

First up, we’ve got the Stanford Prison Experiment. Picture this: it’s 1971, and psychologist Philip Zimbardo decides to turn Stanford University’s basement into a mock prison. What could possibly go wrong? Well, as it turns out, pretty much everything. The experiment, which was supposed to last two weeks, was shut down after just six days because things got way out of hand.

Participants playing guards became increasingly cruel, while those playing prisoners experienced genuine distress. It was like Lord of the Flies meets Orange Is the New Black, but with less singing and more psychological trauma. The experiment raised serious questions about the nature of authority and how quickly ordinary people can turn into monsters given the right circumstances.

Next on our tour of psychological mind-benders is Milgram’s Obedience Experiment. In 1961, Stanley Milgram set out to answer a burning question: how far would people go when ordered to inflict harm on others? The answer, it turns out, was pretty darn far. Participants were willing to administer what they believed were potentially lethal electric shocks to others , simply because an authority figure told them to do so. It was like a real-life version of “Simon Says,” but with significantly higher stakes.

The results sent shockwaves through the scientific community and beyond. They forced us to confront uncomfortable truths about human nature and the power of authority. It’s the kind of experiment that makes you look at your boss a little differently the next time they ask you to stay late at work.

Moving on to the Asch Conformity Experiments, we find ourselves in a world where peer pressure isn’t just for teenagers anymore. Solomon Asch showed that people would deny obvious truths just to fit in with a group. Participants would claim that clearly unequal lines were the same length, all because everyone else in the room (who were actually in on the experiment) said so. It’s like that time you pretended to understand what your friend meant by “postmodern neo-expressionism” at an art gallery opening, but on a much grander scale.

Last but not least, we have the Robbers Cave Experiment. Muzafer Sherif took a bunch of 11-year-old boys to summer camp and turned them into rival gangs. It sounds like the plot of a questionable 80s movie, but it was all in the name of science! The experiment showed how quickly group identities form and how easily conflict can arise between groups. It’s like West Side Story, but with more camping and less singing.

These landmark experiments didn’t just push the boundaries of science – they smashed right through them, leaving us with a wealth of knowledge about human behavior. But they also left us with some serious ethical questions to ponder.

Ethical Considerations: When Science Gets a Bit Too Real

As fascinating as these experiments were, they also raised some pretty hefty ethical concerns. It’s like opening Pandora’s box, but instead of unleashing all the evils of the world, we unleashed a torrent of ethical debates that continue to this day.

First up on the ethical hit list is informed consent. It’s a fancy way of saying, “Hey, do you mind if we mess with your head a bit for science?” Participants in behavioral experiments have the right to know what they’re getting into – well, most of the time. Sometimes, knowing too much can skew the results, which brings us to our next ethical conundrum: deception in research.

Deception in experiments is like the magician’s sleight of hand – it can be necessary for the trick to work, but it leaves you feeling a bit bamboozled afterward. On one hand, it can lead to more authentic responses from participants. On the other hand, it can leave people feeling like they’ve been duped faster than you can say “gotcha!”

Then there’s the thorny issue of long-term effects on participants. Some experiments, like the Stanford Prison Experiment, left lasting psychological scars on those involved. It’s a bit like emotional Russian roulette – you never know which study might trigger a lifelong existential crisis.

To keep things in check, we’ve got Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) watching over research like hawks. These are the ethics police of the scientific world, making sure experiments don’t cross the line from “ethically questionable” to “downright diabolical.” Behavioral research should be designed with ethical considerations at the forefront , balancing the pursuit of knowledge with the well-being of participants.

Modern Approaches: When Behavior Meets Big Data

As we hurtle into the 21st century, human behavior experiments are getting a high-tech makeover. It’s like the scientific equivalent of trading in your flip phone for a smartphone – suddenly, there’s a whole new world of possibilities at your fingertips.

Virtual reality and online experiments are changing the game faster than you can say “avatar.” Researchers can now create immersive environments that feel real enough to elicit genuine responses, all without leaving the comfort of their lab (or, let’s be honest, their couch). It’s like The Matrix, but with more clipboards and less kung fu.

Neuroimaging techniques are giving us a front-row seat to the brain’s inner workings. We can now watch neurons fire in real-time as people make decisions, solve problems, or try to figure out why they agreed to participate in yet another psychology experiment. It’s like having x-ray vision, but for thoughts.

Big data and natural experiments are turning the world into one giant laboratory. By analyzing vast amounts of information from social media, purchasing habits, and even traffic patterns, researchers can study behavior on a scale that would make those early behaviorists green with envy. It’s like being able to read the diary of the entire human race – creepy, but undeniably fascinating.

Cross-cultural behavior experiments are helping us understand how our actions and decisions are shaped by the societies we live in. It turns out that what’s considered normal behavior in one culture might be seen as downright bizarre in another. It’s a bit like realizing that not everyone thinks pineapple belongs on pizza – mind-blowing, right?

Applications: When Science Meets Real Life

All this poking and prodding at human behavior isn’t just for the sake of satisfying scientific curiosity. Oh no, these findings have real-world applications that are changing the way we approach everything from therapy to marketing.

In clinical psychology and therapy, insights from behavioral experiments are helping therapists develop more effective treatments for a range of mental health issues. It’s like having a roadmap to the human psyche – suddenly, those tricky emotional knots don’t seem quite so impossible to untangle.

Marketing and consumer behavior experts are using behavioral insights to influence our purchasing decisions in ways we might not even be aware of. Next time you find yourself inexplicably drawn to that shiny new gadget you definitely don’t need, you can blame behavioral science. It’s like having a little psychologist sitting on your shoulder every time you go shopping – except this one’s trying to empty your wallet instead of filling your head with good advice.

Organizational psychology is using behavioral experiments to reshape workplace dynamics. From improving team collaboration to boosting productivity, these insights are changing the way we work. It’s like giving your office a psychological makeover – suddenly, those team-building exercises don’t seem quite so pointless (okay, maybe they still do, but at least now there’s science behind them).

Even public policy is getting in on the action, with behavioral economics influencing everything from healthcare decisions to retirement savings. Understanding respondent behavior can help policymakers design more effective programs and interventions . It’s like having a crystal ball that shows you how people will react to new policies – except this one’s backed by data instead of mystical mumbo-jumbo.

Criticisms and Limitations: When Science Hits a Speed Bump

Now, before we get too carried away with the wonders of behavioral experiments, it’s time for a reality check. Like that friend who always points out the plot holes in movies, critics have some bones to pick with these studies.

First up is the issue of generalizability. Just because a bunch of college students behaved a certain way in a lab doesn’t mean the entire human race would do the same in real life. It’s like assuming everyone likes avocado toast just because it’s popular in hipster cafes – a dangerous generalization indeed.

Then there’s the replication crisis that’s been giving psychology researchers night sweats. It turns out that many famous experiments don’t produce the same results when other scientists try to repeat them. It’s like trying to recreate grandma’s secret recipe – sometimes, no matter how closely you follow the instructions, it just doesn’t taste the same.

Cultural bias in experimental design is another thorn in the side of behavioral research. Many experiments are conducted in Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies, which might not represent the global population. It’s a bit like trying to understand the entire animal kingdom by only studying pets – you’re going to miss a lot of important details.

Finally, there’s the challenge of balancing scientific rigor with real-world applicability. Laboratory conditions are great for controlling variables, but they’re not always the best at mimicking the messy, chaotic reality of everyday life. It’s like practicing your dance moves in front of a mirror versus busting them out on a crowded dance floor – things can get a lot more complicated in the real world.

The Future of Human Behavior Experiments: What’s Next?

As we wrap up our whirlwind tour of human behavior experiments, you might be wondering: where do we go from here? Well, buckle up, because the future looks wilder than a roller coaster designed by a mad scientist.

The ongoing relevance of human behavior experiments is undeniable. As long as humans keep being, well, human, there will always be more to learn about why we do the things we do. It’s like trying to solve a puzzle where the pieces keep changing shape – frustrating, but endlessly fascinating.

Future directions in behavioral research are likely to involve even more advanced technology. Imagine experiments that can read your thoughts, predict your actions, or even manipulate your behavior without you realizing it. It’s enough to make you want to don a tinfoil hat, but remember – it’s all in the name of science!

Mentalistic explanations of behavior are likely to gain more traction as we develop better tools to peer into the mind. We might finally be able to bridge the gap between observable actions and internal mental states, giving us a more complete picture of human behavior.

As we push the boundaries of what’s possible in behavioral research, the importance of ethical considerations will only grow. We’ll need to navigate the fine line between advancing scientific knowledge and respecting individual rights and dignity. It’s like trying to walk a tightrope while juggling flaming torches – exciting, but potentially disastrous if we lose our balance.

The concept of entropy in human behavior might also play a bigger role in future research, helping us understand the inherent unpredictability and complexity of human actions. It’s like trying to predict the weather – we can make educated guesses, but there’s always an element of chaos involved.

In conclusion, human behavior experiments have come a long way from the days of Pavlov’s dogs and Skinner’s pigeons. They’ve given us incredible insights into the human psyche, challenged our assumptions about free will and individuality, and sometimes left us questioning the very nature of reality itself. As we continue to explore the vast, uncharted territories of the human mind, one thing is certain – the journey will be anything but boring. So here’s to the future of behavioral science – may it be as unpredictable, fascinating, and downright weird as the humans it studies!

References:

1. Zimbardo, P. G. (1973). On the ethics of intervention in human psychological research: With special reference to the Stanford Prison Experiment. Cognition, 2(2), 243-256.

2. Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(4), 371-378.

3. Asch, S. E. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments. In H. Guetzkow (Ed.), Groups, leadership and men (pp. 177-190). Carnegie Press.

4. Sherif, M., Harvey, O. J., White, B. J., Hood, W. R., & Sherif, C. W. (1961). Intergroup conflict and cooperation: The Robbers Cave experiment. University Book Exchange.

5. Fiske, S. T., & Hauser, R. M. (2014). Protecting human research participants in the age of big data. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(38), 13675-13676.

6. Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2-3), 61-83.

7. Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), aac4716.

8. Ariely, D., & Berns, G. S. (2010). Neuromarketing: the hope and hype of neuroimaging in business. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(4), 284-292.

9. Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

10. Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2008). Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. Yale University Press.

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