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How to Write an Argumentative Essay: Tips & Examples

Want to learn how to write an argumentative essay? This guide will walk you through creating a strong thesis, finding credible evidence, and addressing counterarguments. By the end of the article, you'll be equipped with everything you need to write a persuasive and well-structured argumentative essay.

Key Takeaways

• An argumentative essay requires a clear stance on a debatable topic, supported by structured arguments and credible evidence to persuade the reader.
• Key elements include a strong thesis statement, relevant supporting evidence, and the effective addressing of counterarguments to enhance the overall argument.
• The writing process includes the following stages: brainstorming, drafting, revising, and utilizing grammar tools to refine clarity and ensure persuasive communication.

Understanding Argumentative Essays

An argumentative essay is a type of academic writing that requires taking a stance on a controversial or debatable topic and supporting it with structured arguments and evidence. Unlike expository essays, which aim to inform, argumentative essays focus on persuading the reader to accept a particular viewpoint. To effectively communicate your position, you should learn how to write an argumentative essay first. The primary goal is to convince the reader through logical reasoning and credible evidence.

The essence of an argumentative essay lies in its ability to present a clear and defendable position on an issue. This involves not just stating opinions but backing them up with facts, data, and expert opinions. Grounding arguments in evidence allows writers to make a compelling and difficult-to-refute case. This approach not only strengthens the argument but also enhances the writer's credibility.

Writing argumentative essays serves a dual purpose: it allows students to structure their thoughts and arguments logically and helps develop critical thinking skills. The process of crafting an argument, defending it, and addressing counterarguments teaches students to think deeply and critically about various issues. This skill is invaluable not only in academic settings but also in everyday decision-making and discussions.

Essential Elements of an Argumentative Essay

Understanding the essential elements is key to writing an effective argumentative essay. These include a clear thesis statement, supporting evidence, and the ability to address counterarguments. Each component plays a vital role in building a strong and persuasive argument.

Crafting a Strong Thesis Statement

The thesis statement is the backbone of an argumentative essay. A weak thesis results in a weak essay, so the thesis statement must be clear and concise. A strong thesis should state a position that is specific, debatable, and can be supported with arguments and evidence. For instance, a thesis like "Malaria eradication plans should focus on prevention rather than treatment" clearly outlines the writer's stance and sets the stage for the entire essay.

Typically, the concise thesis statement appears as the final sentence of the introduction paragraph. This placement ensures that the reader understands the main argument right from the start.

Crafting a strong thesis involves thorough research and brainstorming to categorize ideas into a cohesive argument.

Gathering Supporting Evidence

Supporting evidence is the cornerstone of any argumentative essay. It relies on facts, studies, and data points rather than personal opinions. Credible evidence enhances the validity of an argument, making it more persuasive. This can include factual information, data, examples, and expert opinions.

When gathering evidence, it's essential to conduct extensive research and use reputable sources, including credible sources such as academic journals, empirical studies, and credible websites. Well-documented evidence lends credibility to the writer's position and strengthens the overall argument. For example, statistical data or findings from reputable studies can provide compelling support for your claims.

Ensuring that the evidence is relevant and directly supports your argument is crucial. Each piece of evidence should be carefully evaluated and integrated into the essay to present a convincing case. This approach helps in building a robust argumentative essay that stands up to scrutiny.

Addressing Counterarguments

Addressing counterarguments is a critical aspect of argumentative writing. This demonstrates fairness and awareness of opposing viewpoints, thereby strengthening the main argument. Recognizing and addressing counterarguments shows that the writer is prepared to defend their position comprehensively.

Researching the beliefs and strongest points of the opposing side before writing the essay is an effective strategy. This allows for a well-rounded understanding and enables the writer to dismantle counterclaims strategically. For instance, presenting evidence that refutes a common counterargument can strengthen the writer's position.

The Aristotelian approach emphasizes establishing credibility and thoroughly addressing counterarguments to support the main argument. By presenting an overview of the counterargument, stating the thesis, and then dismantling the counterargument, writers can effectively address opposing perspectives and reinforce their own arguments.

Structuring Your Argumentative Essay

Structuring an argumentative essay involves organizing it in a way that effectively builds the argument with clarity and coherence. A typical structure includes an introduction, body paragraphs, counterarguments, and a conclusion. This format ensures that the argument is presented logically and persuasively.

Writing an Engaging Introduction

An engaging introduction sets the tone for the entire essay. It should start with a hook to grab the reader's attention. This could be a startling statement, a quote, a question, or an anecdote. Following the hook, a clear thesis statement should be presented to establish the main argument.

For example, a compelling question like "Have you ever considered how prevention could be more effective than treatment in eradicating diseases?" immediately engages readers and leads them to the thesis statement. This approach ensures that readers are drawn into the argument right from the beginning.

Developing Body Paragraphs

Each body paragraph should focus on a distinct point supported by relevant evidence and analysis. Starting with a focused topic sentence that connects to the overall thesis helps maintain coherence. For instance, a body paragraph could begin with: "One major advantage of focusing on prevention is the reduction in healthcare costs."

The paragraph should then provide evidence and logical reasoning to support this point. By structuring body paragraphs this way, writers can build a strong and persuasive argument that is easy for readers to follow.

Concluding Effectively

A strong conclusion reinforces the main argument and leaves a lasting impression on the reader. Using transitional phrases helps guide readers smoothly to the conclusion, maintaining logical flow. For example, phrases like "In conclusion" or "Ultimately" signal that the reader has reached the final part of the essay.

The conclusion should restate the thesis, summarize key points, and suggest implications or actions stemming from the discussion. This approach encourages readers to reflect on the argument and consider its broader impact.

The Writing Process for Argumentative Essays

The writing process for writing an argumentative essay involves several stages, from brainstorming and research to drafting and revising. Each stage plays a crucial role in developing a well-structured and persuasive essay, and following argumentative essay writing tips can enhance this process. Additionally, knowing how to write argumentative essays can further improve your skills.

Brainstorming and Research

Effective brainstorming is the first step in the writing process. Selecting a controversial topic is crucial for generating ideas and engaging readers. Methods like mind mapping or conducting a quick brain dump can help organize thoughts and identify key points.

Thorough research is essential for gathering credible evidence. Utilizing academic journals and reputable websites ensures that the information is accurate and reliable. Seeking feedback from peers can also provide valuable insights and enhance the quality of the final essay.

Drafting Your Essay

The drafting phase focuses on expressing ideas freely without the pressure of perfection. This stage allows for creativity in argumentation and the free flow of thoughts, which can later be refined. The researchers should begin writing their ideas down on paper, knowing that multiple drafts will help improve clarity and strengthen arguments.

This approach ensures that the essay develops naturally and effectively.

Revising and Proofreading

Revising and proofreading are critical steps in the essay writing process. Multiple drafts are essential for refining arguments and improving overall clarity. Constructive criticism from peers can significantly enhance the quality of an argumentative essay during the revision process.

Grammar and style tools like Grammarly help writers maintain accuracy and enhance their essays' overall style. These tools provide real-time editing suggestions, helping writers enhance sentence structure and clarity instantly.

Advanced Argumentative Essay Structures

Advanced argumentative essay structures can further enhance the persuasiveness of your arguments. Understanding different methods, such as the Aristotelian, Toulmin, and Rogerian approaches, can help tailor your essay to the specific needs of your topic and audience.

Aristotelian Method

The Aristotelian method emphasizes logical reasoning and evidence to build a strong argument. This approach begins by presenting the problem, followed by the writer's perspective, and addressing counterarguments.

A strong aspect of this method is the effective refutation of counterarguments, which enhances the overall strength of the argument. By clearly articulating their viewpoint and aligning it with the presented argument, writers can create a compelling case.

Toulmin Method

The Toulmin method breaks down arguments into six components:

This method emphasizes the importance of providing a solid warrant that connects evidence to the claim. By structuring arguments this way, writers can ensure clarity and logical coherence.

The claim must assert a position that is debatable rather than merely descriptive, making the argument more compelling.

Rogerian Method

The Rogerian method focuses on understanding and respecting different perspectives within an argument. Finding common ground is a critical feature of this method, promoting negotiation and compromise. This approach is designed to foster cooperation by acknowledging clashing viewpoints and seeking mutual understanding.

It highlights the necessity of validating opposing viewpoints before presenting your own.

Effective Strategies for Argumentative Writing

Implementing effective strategies can significantly enhance the clarity and persuasion of your argumentative essays. Understanding different methods and techniques can help tailor your writing to be more impactful.

Using Persuasive Language

The Aristotelian approach is built around establishing ethos, pathos, and logos to strengthen arguments. Using emotionally charged anecdotes and emotive language can create a stronger connection with the reader, making arguments more relatable and compelling.

The choice of words and tone can greatly influence the effectiveness of your argument, ensuring it resonates with the audience. Employing persuasive language helps in capturing the reader's attention and influencing them to accept your viewpoint.

Ensuring Logical Flow

Ensuring coherence is crucial in an argumentative essay as it allows the reader to follow the logic and flow of the argument logically. Clear transitions between paragraphs help maintain logical flow and guide the reader through the essay.

Addressing opposing viewpoints strengthens an argument rather than undermining it, as it demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of the topic. This approach ensures that the argument is presented logically and persuasively.

Utilizing Grammar and Style Tools

Incorporating grammar and style tools can significantly enhance the clarity and coherence of argumentative writing. Tools like Grammarly provide real-time editing suggestions, helping writers eliminate errors and improve sentence structure and clarity instantly. These tools allow writers to focus on their arguments without being distracted by language errors.

Regular use of style guides and grammar tools aids writers in maintaining a formal tone and adherence to academic standards. These tools provide valuable feedback, enabling writers to improve their writing skills over time.

Engaging with interactive grammar tools can also make the learning process more enjoyable and effective.

In summary, writing an effective argumentative essay involves understanding the fundamentals, crafting a strong thesis statement, gathering and presenting supporting evidence, addressing counterarguments, and using advanced structures and strategies.

Each element plays a vital role in building a compelling argument that persuades readers and withstands scrutiny. The essay writing process, from brainstorming to revising, ensures that each argument is well-thought-out and clearly presented.

By mastering these skills, you can craft argumentative essays that not only persuade but also engage and inform your readers. Remember, the goal is to present a clear and logical argument supported by credible evidence, all while acknowledging and addressing opposing viewpoints. With practice and the right tools, you can excel in argumentative writing and ensure your essays make a lasting impact.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the primary purpose of an argumentative essay.

The primary purpose of an argumentative essay is to persuade the reader to adopt the writer's perspective on a debatable issue by employing logical reasoning and credible evidence. This approach aims to effectively communicate and defend the chosen stance.

How can I craft a strong thesis statement?

To craft a strong thesis statement, ensure it clearly articulates a specific and debatable position that can be supported with arguments and evidence, typically placing it as the final sentence of your introduction paragraph. This clarity will guide your writing and engage your readers effectively.

Why is it important to address counterarguments in an argumentative essay?

It is important to address counterarguments in an argumentative essay because it demonstrates fairness and awareness of opposing viewpoints, thereby strengthening your main argument and showcasing your preparedness to defend your position comprehensively.

What are some effective strategies for gathering supporting evidence?

To gather effective supporting evidence, conduct extensive research using reputable sources such as academic journals and credible websites. This approach significantly enhances the credibility of your argument.

How can grammar and style tools improve my argumentative essay?

Utilizing grammar and style tools can significantly enhance your argumentative essay by correcting errors and improving clarity and sentence structure. This allows you to concentrate on developing your arguments more effectively.

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How to Write an Argumentative Essay: A Comprehensive Step-by-Step Guide

What is an argumentative essay.

An argumentative essay calls for a writer to construct a focused and evidence-based stance on a topic. Contrary to common misconceptions, the aim is not just to convince the reader to accept a certain viewpoint, but to offer a balanced and reasoned analysis of an issue, showcasing the disciplined style characteristic of argumentative essays.

Elements of an Argumentative Essay

• Position: Clearly articulate your standpoint on the topic at hand, and elucidate the rationale behind this choice. For instance, if your position is that a vegetarian diet is healthier for individuals, explicate the reasons why you hold this conviction.
• Evidence: Bolster your position with substantial and credible data from trustworthy sources. For example, you may employ statistics to illustrate that individuals who abstain from consuming meat tend to live longer and contract fewer diseases.
• Counterarguments: Present the opposing side’s argument and your interpretation of it. Subsequently, you must refute these counterarguments by supplying additional evidence that reinforces your position.

Essential Approaches to Argumentative Writing

• Classical Approach: This traditional method commences with an introduction where the topic is presented, succeeded by a body comprising evidence-based arguments, and culminating in a conclusion where the thesis is reaffirmed.
• Rogerian Approach: This strategy is particularly beneficial when the topic is highly controversial. It underscores finding common ground and establishing a compromise rather than “winning” the argument.
• Toulmin Approach: This technique focuses on presenting a logical and organized argument comprising claims, evidence, and warrant. It adeptly addresses potential counterarguments.

Initiating Your Argumentative Essay

Commencing the writing process can be formidable. It is paramount to start by selecting a topic that aligns with your interests and the course material. Follow this with diligent research , utilizing primary and secondary sources to amass pertinent data. Prior to delving into writing, engage in pre-writing exercises, such as brainstorming or outlining, to systematically organize your thoughts.

How to Construct an Argumentative Essay Outline

Envision your outline as the blueprint of your essay. It should furnish a structured layout that comprises:

• Introduction: Introduce your position and proffer a lucid and concise thesis statement.
• Body Paragraphs: Each segment should unveil a new point, tender evidence to endorse this point, and conclude with a statement that correlates the evidence back to the thesis.
• Conclusion: Summarize the arguments articulated in the essay and rephrase the thesis in a fresh light, predicated on the evidence presented.

For more guidance with crafting an argumentative essay, consider consulting professional writing services or seeking advice from your professor. These are beneficial resources, whether you’re looking to buy a college paper or enhance your argumentative essay writing skills with tips from experts.

Remember that an argumentative essay is more than just presenting facts; it is about being persuasive in a subtle and respectful manner, and the way you structure and present your arguments can significantly affect how compelling your essay is. Consider these argumentative essay tips as you draft, revise, and finalize your paper.

How to Start an Argumentative Essay

Getting started on an argumentative essay can be a daunting challenge, as it requires selecting a meaningful topic, engaging in meticulous research, and crafting a compelling argument.

Choosing a Topic

Your topic should not only resonate with your personal interests but should also be provocative enough to stir a discussion. For instance, comparing the merits of renewable energy vs. fossil fuels creates a platform for presenting robust arguments.

Doing Careful Research

Engage in a rigorous research process, involving academic sources, such as scholarly articles, books, and credible websites. Juxtapose the pros and cons of your topic to present a well-rounded view.

• Primary sources: original documents or firsthand accounts
• Secondary sources: interpretations or analysis of primary sources
• Tertiary sources: directories or indexes that help locate primary and secondary sources

This stage involves brainstorming ideas, asking critical questions, and starting to organize your thoughts. Consider employing a mind map to visually layout the relationship between different aspects of your argument.

Creating a clear and logical outline is paramount. Compare it to building a house; your outline is the blueprint that ensures every element of your essay is in the right place.

The writing phase is where you construct your arguments in a coherent and concise manner, using a mix of evidence and your own logical reasoning. This phase is akin to a painter meticulously adding details to a canvas, where every stroke of the brush matters.

Adhere to the guidelines of the citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.) you are using. Ensure that your paper has a clean and organized look, comparable to a well-tailored suit that immediately leaves a positive impression.

Best Way to Start an Argumentative Essay

The initial phase of an argumentative essay is pivotal, as it sets the tone for the rest of the piece. To engage your reader from the beginning:

• Open with a Hook: Start with a provocative question, striking fact, anecdote, or quote that relates to your topic.
• Provide Background Information: Offer concise context about the issue, helping to orient the reader.
• State Your Thesis: Clearly and assertively present your position in a well-crafted thesis statement.

For instance, if your essay promotes the advantages of renewable energy, you might initiate with a startling statistic regarding fossil fuel depletion, offer context concerning global environmental challenges, and introduce a thesis advocating for a shift towards renewable energy sources.

How to Write an Introduction to an Argumentative Essay

The introduction is not merely a beginning, but a foundation on which the rest of your essay is built. Crafting an effective introduction involves:

• Establishing the Issue: Clearly outline the topic and context of the argument you are addressing.
• Conveying Relevance: Explain why the topic is significant, and whom it affects.
• Presenting the Thesis Statement: End the introduction with a clear, concise, and specific thesis statement that provides a preview of your stance and the main points your essay will cover.

For example, if your essay is about the implications of automated labor, your introduction might describe the rise of automation in various industries, its potential impact on employment rates, and end with a thesis that argues for specific regulatory measures to protect jobs.

This methodical approach ensures your argumentative essay is coherent, persuasive, and grounded in facts, reflecting rigorous critical thinking and thorough preparation.

How to Craft an Argumentative Essay

To construct a compelling and logical argumentative essay, a systematic approach is essential. This process entails forming a clear stance on a disputable issue, followed by researching, organizing, and presenting well-founded arguments to support your position. The following are step-by-step guidelines on how to make an argumentative essay:

1. Select a Debatable Topic

Choose a topic that is both engaging and controversial. The subject should be one that you are passionate about and that has at least two opposing sides.

2. Conduct Comprehensive Research

Gather data from reliable sources such as academic databases, scholarly journals, and reputable websites. Evaluate the sources for credibility and relevance to your topic.

3. Formulate a Clear Thesis Statement

Develop a concise and specific thesis that clearly states your position on the issue. This statement will guide your entire essay, functioning as a roadmap for your arguments.

4. Organize Your Arguments and Evidence

Create a structured outline to arrange your points logically. Each body paragraph should contain a distinct argument backed by concrete evidence and followed by analysis.

5. Address Counterarguments

Present potential objections to your arguments and refute them effectively, demonstrating the validity of your stance.

6. Conclude with a Strong Closing Statement

Reiterate your thesis (without simply repeating it) and summarize the key arguments. End with a powerful statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.

Appropriate Format for an Argumentative Essay

The most commonly used structure for an argumentative essay is the five-paragraph format, although more complex topics may require additional paragraphs for thorough exploration. Unlike the MLA format, which is common for humanities papers, the APA format is often utilized for scientific writings and social science papers. The typical five-paragraph argumentative essay format includes:

• Introduction with a thesis statement
• Three body paragraphs, each presenting a separate argument
• A refutation paragraph where you address counterarguments
• Conclusion that synthesizes the thesis and main points

Consider Utilizing an Argumentative Essay Writing Service

If you are pressed for time, overwhelmed with other responsibilities, or seeking expert guidance, consider employing an argumentative essay writing service. Such services offer assistance from experienced writers who excel in crafting persuasive, coherent, and impeccably-researched essays. The benefits of utilizing our service include:

• Expert Writers: Our team is composed of knowledgeable and qualified writers, ensuring high-quality work.
• Plagiarism-free Work: We provide original content that has undergone rigorous plagiarism checks.
• Timely Delivery: We prioritize deadlines and are committed to delivering your essay promptly.
• 24/7 Customer Support: Our support team is available at any time to address your inquiries and provide assistance.

In conclusion, crafting an argumentative essay is a meticulous process that involves selecting a debatable topic, conducting thorough research, and systematically organizing and presenting your arguments. Following this structured approach will enable you to develop a compelling, logical, and impactful essay.

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How to Write an Argumentative Essay Outline

An argumentative essay is a piece of writing that uses logical evidence and empirical data to convince readers of a particular position on a topic. Because of its reliance on structure and planning, the first step in writing one is often drafting a solid argumentative essay outline. 

Of course, drafting an argumentative essay outline can be just as daunting as actually writing one. Choosing topics is one thing, but organizing your thesis , research, reasoning, and conclusion is a whole other endeavor—and that’s all before beginning the first draft! 

So in this quick guide, we explain how to make an effective argumentative essay outline, covering all three major formats: Classical (Aristotelian), Rogerian, and Toulmin. We’ll also include argumentative essay outline examples and templates to help you understand what works. 

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Table of contents

How is an argumentative essay structured? 

How to create an argumentative essay outline

Classical argumentative essay outline template, rogerian argumentative essay outline template, toulmin argumentative essay outline template, argumentative essay faqs.

An argumentative essay uses facts, data, and logical reasoning to substantiate a specific stance on any given topic. They are typically structured to “build an argument,” with a clear thesis statement , unambiguous conclusion, and as much evidential support as needed.  

While all seven types of essays follow the same introduction-body-conclusion structure, argumentative essays tend to be more complex to fit all the necessary components of a convincing argument. For example, you may want to dissect opposing points of view to strengthen your own argument, but where would you put that section? Before your argument? After? Intermingled throughout the essay with each new piece of evidence? 

There’s no one right way to structure an argumentative essay; it depends on your topic, opposing viewpoints, and the readers, among other things. In fact, to accommodate different types of argumentative essay styles, three methods have emerged as the go-to formats: Classical (Aristotelian), Rogerian, and Toulmin, explained below.  

No matter the format or topic, a strong argumentative essay outline makes it easier to organize your thoughts and present your case in the best possible way. So before you get down to the actual essay writing , take a little time to prepare what you want to say in an outline. 

Knowing how to write an outline is just half the battle. Because an argumentative essay outline requires extra structure and organization, it often requires more extensive planning than the standard essay outline . After all, the goal is to present the best argument for your topic, so you need to make sure each section is in the optimal place. 

As mentioned, there are three main options for how to structure an argumentative essay. Before we dive into the details, let’s look at an overview of each so you can decide which one best fits your essay. 

Classical (Aristotelian)

When to use it: straightforward and direct arguments

The most forthright approach, the Classical or Aristotelian format is closest to traditional essay structures. It follows a simple layout: explain your argument, explain your opposition’s argument, and then present your evidence, all the while relying on credibility ( ethos ), emotion ( pathos ), and reasoning ( logos ) to influence the reader. 

When to use it: both sides make valid arguments; your readers are sympathetic to the opposing position

The Rogerian format gives ample respect to opposing stances, making it a great “middle-ground” approach for representing both sides. This method is ideal if your thesis is a compromise between conflicting positions or an attempt to unify them. 

Likewise, this format is best if you’re writing for readers who are already biased toward an opposing position, such as if you’re arguing against societal norms. 

When to use it: complicated arguments with multiple facets; rebuttals and counterarguments

The Toulmin method is a deep analysis of a single argument. Given its methodical and detailed nature, it works best for breaking down a complicated thesis into digestible portions. 

The Toulmin method is rather nitpicky in a very systematic way. That makes it an ideal format if your essay is a rebuttal or counterargument to another essay—you’re able to dissect and disprove your opposition point by point while offering a more reasonable alternative.  

Aristotle had a gift for explaining things clearly and logically, and the Aristotelian argumentative essay structure leans into that. Also known as Classical or Classic, the Aristotelian format is the most straightforward: the writer presents their argument first and then refutes the opposing argument. 

Let’s look at the details in this argumentative essay outline example for the Classical or Aristotelian format. 

I. Introduction

A. Open with a hook, something to keep the reader interested enough to read until the conclusion (known as exordium ) B. Give any background information or context necessary to understand the topic (known as narratio )  C. Provide a thesis statement explaining your stance and why you feel that way (known as proposito and partitio )

II. First reason 

A. Start with the least controversial reason to support your argument, explaining your point clearly as an overview 1. First evidential support of your reason (known as confirmatio )

2. Second evidential support of your reason, then third, and so on

B. Summarize your first reason again and tie it together with evidential support 

III. Second reason, etc. 

A. Continue to list your reasons in the same format as the first. List your reasons from least to most controversial 

IV. First opposing point of view

A. Explain the reasoning of the opposing side. Point out their defenses and evidence—what would they say if they were writing the essay?  1. Point out weaknesses and inconsistencies in their argument

2. Refute their points with evidential support (known as refutatio )

3. Reinforce your position as the more reasonable position

V. Second opposing point of view, etc. 

A. Continue to present and refute opposing points of view in the same format as the first 

VI. Conclusion

A. Reiterate your position and thesis statement, drawing on your strongest evidential support and rebuttals of opposing points (known as peroratio ) B. Wrap everything up with a thought-provoking ending or call to action (a suggestion you want the reader to take) 

Of all formats, Rogerian gives the most attention to opposing arguments. Its goal is to create a middle ground between two arguments, pointing out the validity of each and finding a way to unify them as one. If positions on a particular topic are too polarized or unable to coexist, this format won’t work. 

Let’s take a closer look at the Rogerian argumentative essay outline example below and notice the concessions for opposing points of view. 

A. State the problem that needs to be solved and any context necessary for understanding it B. Explain the ideal solutions from your position as well as the ideal solutions from opposing positions (and point out any overlap) C. Make your thesis statement

II. Summarize the opposing position

A. Summarize the opposition’s point of view respectfully; consider their defense and reasoning  1. Present evidential support for the opposing position

2. Comment on or refute their support

B. Follow the same format for additional opposing points of view

III. Validate the opposing position

A. Show that you understand and/or sympathize with the opposing position 1. Explain the context and reasoning behind your opposition’s perspective

2. Elaborate on the evidence and data from opposing positions

B. Affirm the areas in which you agree with the opposition

IV. Present your position

A. Summarize your first reason for holding your position 1. Present your first piece of evidential support

2. Present your second piece of evidential support, and so on

B. Summarize your second reason for holding your position, and so on 

V. Bring both sides together (compromise)

A. Consider which aspects from each argument are most reasonable B. Propose a compromise that combines the best elements from each position

A. Reaffirm your respect for the opposing point of view B. Reiterate the areas in which the opposition can benefit from your argument and vice versa C. Summarize the earlier compromise and, if possible, end on a positive note

Stephen Toulmin’s original purpose was to analyze the nature of arguments, but the application of his teachings has evolved into an argumentative essay format, especially for challenging existing arguments. It focuses on the six elements that make up a good argument: claim (thesis), grounds (data and reasons), warrants, backings, qualifiers, and rebuttals. 

The argumentative essay outline example below shows the recommended order in which to put these elements: 

A. Open with a hook, if you can, to garner interest B. Explain the topic and its necessary context C. Make your thesis statement

II. Present the grounds (hard evidence) to validate your thesis

A. Present your first evidential support of data or logical reasons  B. Present your second evidential support of data or logical reasons, and so on 

III. Explain your first warrant (justification for your thesis)

A. Explain how the warrant relates back to your thesis B. Provide backing to support your warrant (could be more evidence or data or just logical reasoning) C. List any qualifiers that undermine or limit your warrant—the idea is to acknowledge any weaknesses in your own argument

IV. Explain your second warrant, and so on

A. Continue to explain your individual warrants as above 

V. Discuss opposition

A. Explain the first opposing point of view 1. Discuss the opposition fairly and transparently

2. Explain your rebuttal to defend your thesis

B. Explain the second opposing point of view, and so on 

A. Connect all your warrants and data together  B. Reiterate the opposing position and your rebuttals C. Draw a conclusion to make your final claim and reaffirm your thesis

What is an argumentative essay?

An argumentative essay is a short, nonfiction piece of writing that uses logical evidence and empirical data to convince the reader of a certain point of view. 

Argumentative essays typically include an explanation of the writer’s position (thesis), evidence supporting that thesis, opposing points of view, and rebuttals against that opposition. The order in which these sections are presented, however, depends on the format. 

What are some common ways to organize an argumentative essay outline?

The most straightforward approach to an argumentative essay outline is to first present your position, including the evidence and reasoning to back it up, and then address the opposing points of view. However, the more complex the topic, the more layers must be added to the outline. 

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Argumentative Essays

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What is an argumentative essay?

The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner.

Please note : Some confusion may occur between the argumentative essay and the expository essay. These two genres are similar, but the argumentative essay differs from the expository essay in the amount of pre-writing (invention) and research involved. The argumentative essay is commonly assigned as a capstone or final project in first year writing or advanced composition courses and involves lengthy, detailed research. Expository essays involve less research and are shorter in length. Expository essays are often used for in-class writing exercises or tests, such as the GED or GRE.

Argumentative essay assignments generally call for extensive research of literature or previously published material. Argumentative assignments may also require empirical research where the student collects data through interviews, surveys, observations, or experiments. Detailed research allows the student to learn about the topic and to understand different points of view regarding the topic so that she/he may choose a position and support it with the evidence collected during research. Regardless of the amount or type of research involved, argumentative essays must establish a clear thesis and follow sound reasoning.

The structure of the argumentative essay is held together by the following.

• A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that occurs in the first paragraph of the essay.

In the first paragraph of an argument essay, students should set the context by reviewing the topic in a general way. Next the author should explain why the topic is important ( exigence ) or why readers should care about the issue. Lastly, students should present the thesis statement. It is essential that this thesis statement be appropriately narrowed to follow the guidelines set forth in the assignment. If the student does not master this portion of the essay, it will be quite difficult to compose an effective or persuasive essay.

• Clear and logical transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion.

Transitions are the mortar that holds the foundation of the essay together. Without logical progression of thought, the reader is unable to follow the essay’s argument, and the structure will collapse. Transitions should wrap up the idea from the previous section and introduce the idea that is to follow in the next section.

• Body paragraphs that include evidential support.

Each paragraph should be limited to the discussion of one general idea. This will allow for clarity and direction throughout the essay. In addition, such conciseness creates an ease of readability for one’s audience. It is important to note that each paragraph in the body of the essay must have some logical connection to the thesis statement in the opening paragraph. Some paragraphs will directly support the thesis statement with evidence collected during research. It is also important to explain how and why the evidence supports the thesis ( warrant ).

However, argumentative essays should also consider and explain differing points of view regarding the topic. Depending on the length of the assignment, students should dedicate one or two paragraphs of an argumentative essay to discussing conflicting opinions on the topic. Rather than explaining how these differing opinions are wrong outright, students should note how opinions that do not align with their thesis might not be well informed or how they might be out of date.

• Evidential support (whether factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal).

The argumentative essay requires well-researched, accurate, detailed, and current information to support the thesis statement and consider other points of view. Some factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal evidence should support the thesis. However, students must consider multiple points of view when collecting evidence. As noted in the paragraph above, a successful and well-rounded argumentative essay will also discuss opinions not aligning with the thesis. It is unethical to exclude evidence that may not support the thesis. It is not the student’s job to point out how other positions are wrong outright, but rather to explain how other positions may not be well informed or up to date on the topic.

• A conclusion that does not simply restate the thesis, but readdresses it in light of the evidence provided.

It is at this point of the essay that students may begin to struggle. This is the portion of the essay that will leave the most immediate impression on the mind of the reader. Therefore, it must be effective and logical. Do not introduce any new information into the conclusion; rather, synthesize the information presented in the body of the essay. Restate why the topic is important, review the main points, and review your thesis. You may also want to include a short discussion of more research that should be completed in light of your work.

A complete argument

Perhaps it is helpful to think of an essay in terms of a conversation or debate with a classmate. If I were to discuss the cause of World War II and its current effect on those who lived through the tumultuous time, there would be a beginning, middle, and end to the conversation. In fact, if I were to end the argument in the middle of my second point, questions would arise concerning the current effects on those who lived through the conflict. Therefore, the argumentative essay must be complete, and logically so, leaving no doubt as to its intent or argument.

The five-paragraph essay

A common method for writing an argumentative essay is the five-paragraph approach. This is, however, by no means the only formula for writing such essays. If it sounds straightforward, that is because it is; in fact, the method consists of (a) an introductory paragraph (b) three evidentiary body paragraphs that may include discussion of opposing views and (c) a conclusion.

Longer argumentative essays

Complex issues and detailed research call for complex and detailed essays. Argumentative essays discussing a number of research sources or empirical research will most certainly be longer than five paragraphs. Authors may have to discuss the context surrounding the topic, sources of information and their credibility, as well as a number of different opinions on the issue before concluding the essay. Many of these factors will be determined by the assignment.

Argument and Persuasion: Structuring and Writing an Argument Essay

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• Structuring and Writing an Argument Essay

Page Overview

This page deals with the process of writing the argument: planning, structuring, strategies, writing, revision.

Pre-Writing Considerations

There are things that should be given some attention before you begin writing your argument.  Thoughtful planning in the pre-writing stage increases the chances of your argument successfully convincing your audience.  A well-executed piece of writing should be unified, coherent, and complete.

unified = the paper presents only a single idea or, if more than one idea, one point is made the principal one and the others are subordinated to it 

coherent = the discussion flows smoothly and logically and is easy for the reader to follow; trying to make sense of the writing does not become an ordeal

complete = everything that should be said, has been said; no questions are left in the mind of the reader

Achieving a coherent, complete, unified piece of Argumentative Writing 

1.  Clearly state the argument/proposition of your essay.

2.  Analyze the proposition.  First, jot down points of conflict between your view and the opposing view.  Second, think over your jottings and try to decide which points are the issues on which your argument should hinge.  Third, arrange your jottings in order to give unity and coherence to your essay.

3.  Write a paragraph (or more if necessary) on each point of conflict.  (This step will have some variation, depending on whether you are using the block or point pattern of organization.)

4.  Analyze and evaluate what you have written to see whether (a) the evidence seems reliable and (b) the reasoning free of fallacies.

5.  Establish effective transitions between the discussions of the various points ( coherence ), keeping in mind that your objective is to connect each point to the main contention of your theme, the main proposition.

6.  Think of your introduction.  What makes the topic worth arguing about now (purpose)?  (NOTE:  Your topic should be broad enough to interest a large number of people, yet narrow enough that you can focus and manage the discussion.)  What kind of people are you writing for (audience)?  Can you depend on an interested and sympathetic hearing, or must you strive to gain attention and win people over?  If you have to gain attention, how will you go about it?  After you have thought about these things and written a first draft of your introduction, do you think it necessary to go back and revise the discussion in the body of your essay to make it better adapted to your audience?

7.  Treat your conclusion as the last impression you will leave on your readers.  Do you return here to your key point (your thesis), showing how your whole argument essay bears on and supports it?  Do you leave your readers with a positive impression of your effort, even if you cannot be sure of having totally convinced them by reason? 

Outlines for an Argument Essay

Pattern Outlines for an Argument Essay

(Based on https://apps.spokane.edu/.../Summary%20Response%20Essay%20Assignment.pdf

     In the context of argument, "pro" means agree/support, and "con" means disagree/oppose.   Whether you structure your argument to follow the block style or point-by-point pattern, the three principal components of presentation, support, and refutation must be included.  A point-by-point structure probably will be easier to follow, as the block style creates some separation between the "pro" and "con" sides of an argument which may require readers to do some up-and-down "scrolling" of the text.

Breaking it Down in Detail

• Argument Deconstructed Source: Mesa Community College. Provides multiple links to cover argument in-depth and from many aspects. Includes argument essay charts, outlines, and worksheets.

Defining Arguments:  defines what argument is and is not while providing some insights on laying the groundwork before the writing begins

How To Create an Argument:  covers the stages of pre-writng, writing, and revising an argument

Argument at a Glance: P.A.P.A.: a blank page with no content

Argument Claims:  discusses types of claims and perspectives from which to launch your argument; includes links to sample readings

Argument Outline:  provides outlines for various argument structures and types and also contains worksheets for preparing an argument

Rogerian Argument:  explains an alternative approach to the "traditional" argumentative style

Ethos, Logos, and Pathos:  offers tips on how to interact with the audience in an argumentative context

Fallacies:   a glossary of things to avoid

Sample Essays:  a selection of seven argumentative essays written by students

Argument on the Web

The Purdue OWL:   The OWL is the Online Writing Laboratory maintained by Purdue University.  It is a comprehensive, encyclopedic online reference source for nearly all aspects of research and writing, from topic selection to citation styles and source evaluation.  Every serious researcher should bookmark the OWL. 

For information regarding writing argumentative papers, either type "Purdue OWL"   argument  into an internet search box.  The first page of results provides links to more specific aspects of writing argument.  Or, you can type the word argument into the "Search the OWL" box (https://owl.purdue.edu/search.html).   Once you have landed on any OWL screen, it is good to scan the left pane for other pages which you may find useful.  

CAVEAT:  Purdue OWL has merged with Chegg, a for-profit company who has created a citation machine service for citation management.  This partnership has resulted in pop-up advertisements appearing on OWL screens as well as permitting Chegg influence on OWL's citation help pages.  Those using the OWL may wish to keep these things in mind.

Useful options besides the Purdue OWL are 

• Excelsior College Online Writing Lab  ( https://owl.excelsior.edu/ )
• Massey University OWLL ( http://owll.massey.ac.nz/index.php )

To locate information on the internet on argument, in the search box type argument along with a modifying term such as writing or structure.

To locate additional LibGuides on argument on the internet, in the search box type argument libguide.

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An argumentative essay is a type of essay where you present a standpoint on a particular topic and support it with evidence. The primary aim is to convince your readers that your perspective is the most reasonable one. This is typically done by presenting facts, statistics, logical reasoning, and sometimes personal experiences. An argumentative essay often involves addressing counterarguments or opposing views to strengthen your own viewpoint.

Have you ever dreamt of crafting compelling points and convincing your audience in your argument essay? Then you need to brush up on your persuasive skills! With our in-depth guide, you will learn exactly how to write an argumentative essay and what critical components to include in your written assignment. On top of that, we will provide you with good argument essay examples to elevate your writing skills. So let’s dive deep into details!

What Is an Argumentative Essay

An argumentative essay is a style of academic writing which involves a writer researching a particular topic and forming a specific opinion. It then requires arguing for opinion by providing evidence. Unlike other fact-loaded types of writing, an argument paper tries to convince readers to accept only one side of any problem. Strong argumentative writing is characterized by a clear and concise opinion on any topic, supported by logical and well-structured arguments based on extensive research. It is crucial to choose one of argumentative essay topics you are really interested in.

Types of Argumentative Essay

Before you begin writing an argumentative essay, you need to decide on a particular type you will be writing. There are four different types of argumentative essays, they include:

• Persuasive This type of writing focuses purely on convincing the reader that the author’s opinions are correct. It doesn’t have to look at the other side.
• Research While research essays also take a side, they are much more balanced than persuasive essays . It presents academic sources which support both sides of your claim.
• Analysis Analysis paper is where an author selects an already published argumentative essay, deconstructs it, and analyzes various points presented. An author typically will argue against different views expressed.
• Personal This essay does not use external resources to make some point. Instead, it uses some feelings or personal experiences of the writer. For example, you could write an essay arguing why New York is the best city in the world and only refer to your life experiences in this city, ignoring data on crime, healthcare, education or affordability.

Approaches to Writing an Argument Essay

There are two main models that writers use to construct an argument essay, Toulmin and Rogerian. In Toulmin model , writers introduce their topic, form a thesis statement and then present arguments in favor of that thesis statement. While under Rogerian model, writers analyze a range of different points with differing conclusions. Next, they make a conclusion after determining which of them are the strongest. The Toulmin approach is most widely used in academic writing. It follows these steps:  

• Start with your claim.
• Provide reasons for this claim.
• Produce evidence backing up your reasons.
• Explain your warrant, which is the underlying link between your claim and the reasons.
• Acknowledge opposing articles and limitations of your reasons.

While the Rogerian approach is not as frequently used in academic circles, it still is an effective way to produce an argument in an essay. The Rogerian model follows these steps:

• Present one side.
• Discuss pros and cons.
• Present an opposing side.
• Wrap up your essay by taking bits and pieces of both sides, compromising and forming your new conclusion to any problem.

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Argumentative Essay Outline

An argumentative essay structure generally stays the same and includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Let's consider an argumentative essay template in detail.  Your introduction has to captivate the audience’s attention within the first few lines as well as convince them to continue reading. This paragraph, then, should finish with author’s views and arguments summed up in 1 or 2 sentences. Following your introduction are  3 body paragraphs . A good body paragraph expands on the summary of all reader’s opinions by delving deeper into a chosen topic, crafting key points and supporting them with clear evidence. In any standard 5-paragraph essay, each body paragraph should be focused on a unique element. Our final stage is writing  a conclusion . A good conclusion restates your thesis statement and sums up all claims presented throughout body paragraphs. When writing their conclusion, students should consider any impact they are trying to have on a reader. Next, writers should create an interesting summary of their work that leaves a reader with a new perspective on that topic.  

How to Start an Argumentative Essay

An argumentative essay always begins with an introduction. An  argumentative essay introduction  has three goals: provide a little background information about the topic, explain to your reader why they should care about this subject, and finish with the writer’s opinion, also known as a thesis statement. Let’s look at some examples of these three intro elements.  

In the above example, at the beginning, our reader is given a brief background on this topic, namely the digital trends of learning and that libraries are potentially an outdated model. Then, our reader is presented with an interesting proposal that is sure to evoke a strong response. Some people are going to be thrilled about receiving a free tablet, while others will be horrified at the thought of closing public libraries. Finally, the writer presents their opinion on why public libraries should remain open.

How to Write a Good Body Paragraph for an Argumentative Essay

A good body paragraph introduces strong arguments that are logical and backed up by evidence. An argumentative essay body is a vital part of your essay as it plays major role in convincing the reader that your position is correct. It is like in a position paper , if you can’t make strong arguments, your point will be quickly dismissed. Here is an example of a good body paragraph.  

In this body paragraph, the writer claims that libraries have numerous benefits that tablets can’t offer and then provides reasons by listing different advantages. Then, evidence of these benefits being positive is presented through results of their survey. Finally, this argument is summarized.

How to Conclude an Argumentative Essay

The last step is to write an argumentative essay conclusion. A conclusion should reiterate and expand on your thesis statement while summarizing all of your key arguments. A conclusion should tie everything together and leave a reader feeling like they understand your point and recognize your claims. Here is an example of a strong conclusion.   

In this conclusion, the topic of closing libraries and replacing them with tablets is concisely summarised. Then the two key arguments are restated, and finally, the thesis statement is reiterated.

Argumentative Essay Examples

In the above sections, you can see essay samples which depict strong introductions, bodies and conclusions. In this section, we are going to look at an in-depth argumentative essay example:

• Title   Is the NCAA Practicing Modern Day Slavery?  – The best titles are catchy; they should invoke emotion or cause controversy.
• Topic Sentence Topic sentence of a paragraph should be simple, concise but still give readers enough detail to understand the scope of your topic.

• Convincing Statement Your main statement logical and compelling enough to get a reader to consider the presented perspective.

These samples should help you elevate your writing to the next level and produce fantastic argumentative essays which can completely change any way your audience thinks about a particular topic.

Bottom Line

Hopefully, this guide was of great help. Make sure you follow our writing tips and you will surely compose a great argument paper. Add this tutorial to your bookmarks so you don't loose it. If you need more guidelines on the writing process, make sure to check our comprehensive guide on how to write an essay .

If you have any doubts or hesitations with essay writing, then, turning to a genuine academic professional will be a smart option. Luckily, we are backed by true experts in the field. Buy argumentative essay from our professional team of writers and we will deliver a great paper before your deadline is up.

1. What is the difference between an expository essay and an argumentative essay?

While expository and argumentative essays both require you to argue for a particular thesis statement and have the same objective, an argumentative essay involves far more research and is often significantly longer. In an argumentative essay, the writer is expected to become an expert on a particular topic and use a range of academic literature and empirical evidence to support their points.

2. What are the parts of an argument?

An argument has five parts including:

• Claim - At the beginning of an argument essay, you state an opinion, eg. I think healthcare should be free.
• Reason - State why you believe your claim, e.g. because government has billions in tax revenue.
• Evidence - Support for your reasoning, e.g. providing figures from the tax department on revenue.
• Warrant - Links your claim and reason behind your claim. It can be explicit or implied, e.g. Healthcare is expensive, but the billions in tax revenue is enough to afford it.
• Acknowledgement or Response - Replying to criticisms - e.g. While some universal healthcare critics say the government needs this money for other projects, many other countries are able to fund their healthcare solely through tax revenue.

3. What is the difference between an informative essay and a persuasive essay?

The goals of an informative and persuasive essay are different. An informative essay is seeking to present information about a specific topic in an impartial way to improve understanding of your reader. While like any good argumentative paper, a persuasive essay is focused on convincing your reader to accept the writer’s opinion and features compelling claims.

4. What are good topics for an argumentative essay?

The best ideas for an  argumentative essay are based on topics  that have a great deal of public interest, are unresolved, controversial and have evidence both for and against. Topics related to race, religion or politics are always going to captivate readers and evoke strong emotional responses. For example, a paper arguing why African Americans should receive reparations has the potential to go viral or even create a stir.  

Daniel Howard is an Essay Writing guru. He helps students create essays that will strike a chord with the readers.

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