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Online Ph.D. Programs and Doctorates

Key Takeaways

• A doctoral degree is the highest level of academic degree you can achieve.
• Online doctorate degrees typically take 4-7 years to complete depending on your program and course load.
• Graduates with a doctorate often pursue careers in academia, research, or leadership.

Online Ph.D. programs and doctorates can be challenging — but they’re often worth the cost and effort , especially if you have a clear passion and career path in mind. With a doctorate, you can become an expert in your field and qualify for leadership roles in academia, research, professional settings, and the government sector.

Whether you’re considering a doctorate in nursing , computer science, education, or business, an online program can help you maintain flexibility while achieving your goals.

Keep reading to learn about the different types of doctorates and Ph.D. programs available online. We’ll cover popular subjects you can study and what jobs you can get after earning your degree.

Doctorate vs. Ph.D.: How Do They Differ?

Many people use the terms “Ph.D.” and “doctorate” interchangeably, but they don’t necessarily mean the same thing.

A doctorate, or doctoral degree, is the highest educational credential you can achieve. Typically, a doctorate takes 4-7 years to earn, though this length can vary depending on your field and program.

Doctorates come in many forms. Professional doctorates are geared toward specific roles and industries. For example, an aspiring business professional might earn a doctor of business administration (DBA), while a budding physician would need to enroll in a doctor of medicine (MD) program.

A doctor of philosophy, or Ph.D., is a specific type of doctorate focused primarily on academic research. Ph.D. students are expected to conduct original research and add to their field’s discourse. Most Ph.D. programs also require you to write and defend a dissertation .

All Ph.D.s are doctorates, but not all doctorates are Ph.D.s.

Online Doctorate Programs That Might Interest You

Learn about start dates, transferring credits, availability of financial aid, and more by contacting the universities below.

Explore Online Ph.D. Programs and Doctorates by Subject

Select the jump links below to learn more about the different subjects you can study in an online doctoral program.

Earning an online doctor of business administration (DBA), Ph.D. in business, or Ph.D. in accounting can give you the credibility and expertise needed to expand into managerial roles at companies and organizations.

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In an online Ph.D. in criminal justice program, you can choose from concentrations in areas such as forensic science , homeland security, criminal justice policy, criminology , and juvenile justice.

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Education & Teaching

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Psychology & Counseling

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Social Work

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How Much Do Online Ph.D. Programs and Doctorates Cost?

The cost of an online doctorate can add up, especially when you’re typically spending at least three years in your doctoral program.

On average, graduate tuition and fees cost around $20,510 in 2021-2022, according to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES).

But tuition costs vary widely, with public schools averaging $12,600 per year in tuition and fees and private nonprofit institutions averaging $29,930. When factoring in other expenses, the total cost for a doctorate can increase to over $40,000 per year .

Several factors can affect costs, including the program length and school; however, you’ll likely have many funding options in an accredited doctoral program. In fact, according to numbers shared by the Urban Institute, over 70% of doctoral students receive grant aid .

You might also qualify for scholarships, fellowships, and assistantships to cover costs. And don’t forget: You can take out federal loans as a doctoral student.

What Can You Do With an Online Ph.D. or Doctorate?

Earning an online Ph.D. or doctorate signals to employers your industry expertise and commitment to developing your skills and knowledge. It can also lead to rewarding leadership roles, many of which boast above-average salaries .

Here are some popular roles you can get with an online doctorate.

Is an Online Doctoral Degree Worth It?

For many students, earning an online doctorate is worth it for several reasons.

In addition to opening the door to professional leadership opportunities, these degrees routinely provide a pathway to higher salaries. Online programs can also offer increased flexibility for students with full-time jobs, children, or other commitments.

According to the BLS, people with a bachelor’s degree as their highest credential earned a median salary of around $74,000 in 2022, while those with a master’s degree earned a median salary of around $86,000.

However, people with a doctoral degree earned much more, with a median annual salary of around $108,000. This means doctorate-holders earn about $22,000 more each year than those with master’s degrees — and a whopping $34,000 more than those with bachelor’s degrees.

Frequently Asked Questions About Online Ph.D. Programs and Doctorates

Can you do a ph.d. completely online.

Yes, you can earn a Ph.D. in a fully online format. Many doctoral programs in business, education, healthcare, and STEM use an online learning format. In these programs, you’ll complete coursework in a virtual learning environment while meeting any hands-on or clinical requirements in your local area.

Online doctorates from accredited programs meet the same high academic standards and licensure requirements as in-person doctoral programs.

Are online Ph.D. programs and doctorates respected?

Yes, online doctorates are respected. These degrees feature the same curricula and content as on-campus programs. However, since online degrees can’t always provide the same type of instruction and interaction as on-campus programs, some fields — particularly medical ones — do not provide 100% online options.

How long do online Ph.D. programs take?

The typical online Ph.D. program takes 4-7 years to complete. Depending on your course load and schedule, the program may extend beyond that timeline. You may take longer to complete your research and dissertation, for example.

What is the easiest Ph.D. to get?

All Ph.D. and doctoral programs require dedication and stamina to make it through advanced academic courses. That said, Ed.D. programs tend to take less time than other doctorates, meaning you can put your degree to work more quickly.

The difficulty of a doctoral degree ultimately depends on your skills, interests, and career goals, as well as on the specific requirements of each program.

Which Ph.D. is most in demand?

According to BLS data, many positions in healthcare, business, and technology are projected to rank among the fastest-growing jobs in the coming decade . Professionals with advanced degrees in these areas will be needed to fill a large number of open roles.

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The highest level of education college students can achieve is a doctoral degree. Prospective students can expect the same rigorous, high-quality education and career opportunities from an online PhD program as they would from an in-person experience. Some doctoral degrees, especially PhDs, require students to engage in high-level research within a specific discipline, while other types of doctorates teach students to use research to solve real-world problems. We've selected a wide variety of the best doctoral and PhD programs you should consider.

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Purdue Global

• National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) and reflects the most current available data. In the absence of available NCES data, online enrollment data was provided by an official representative of the school. Contact the school directly for additional online enrollment information. ">Online Enrollment: 11,615

At Purdue Global, we prioritize a personalized online learning experience designed to fit your schedule and career goals. Through innovative technology, our user-friendly platform allows you to study anytime, whether early morning or late at night. Engage with peers and faculty through interactive seminars and message boards. Our extensive online resources include full library access and comprehensive support services. With thousands of academic journals and personalized assistance available, your academic journey is well-supported. Contact an Admissions Advisor to discover how our flexible degree programs can help advance your career while maintaining your current lifestyle.

Liberty University

• National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) and reflects the most current available data. In the absence of available NCES data, online enrollment data was provided by an official representative of the school. Contact the school directly for additional online enrollment information. ">Online Enrollment: 45,783

Liberty University offers over 600 online degree programs including undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral levels, aiming to provide flexible and affordable education. Tuition fees have remained unchanged for nine years, reflecting our commitment to cost stability. Ranked in the top 10% of Niche.com's best online schools in America, we emphasize academic quality and accessibility. With eight annual start dates, we accommodate your schedule, ensuring you earn your degree conveniently from home. Our tuition rates are competitive, ranking in the top third for affordability among leading online institutions. Join us and become a part of a distinguished community dedicated to impactful education.

Grand Canyon University

• National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) and reflects the most current available data. In the absence of available NCES data, online enrollment data was provided by an official representative of the school. Contact the school directly for additional online enrollment information. ">Online Enrollment: 34,152

Grand Canyon University (GCU) offers a range of accredited online degree programs, allowing you to pursue higher education with flexibility suited for balancing personal and professional commitments. With nearly 93,000 online students in Fall 2023, our e-learning platform connects you to a diverse collegiate community, providing an education equal in quality to traditional on-campus programs. GCU's tuition is consistent for all students, regardless of residency, supplemented by scholarship opportunities and special military rates. Our institution, accredited by the Higher Learning Commission since 1968, ensures its programs meet rigorous academic standards, delivering career-ready graduates across multiple disciplines.

We’ve highlighted two lists for the best doctoral degrees in business or management. Graduates of these programs often pursue top leadership positions at companies and are equipped to handle major strategy decisions.

Regent University Online

• National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) and reflects the most current available data. In the absence of available NCES data, online enrollment data was provided by an official representative of the school. Contact the school directly for additional online enrollment information. ' >Online Enrollment: 8,451
• Recommendation rates and review counts are based on student reviews we have collected. View more reviews for this school at Regent University Online ' >Recommend Rate: 62%

At Regent University Online, you can seamlessly balance life’s demands while pursuing excellence in over 150 study areas, such as business, cybersecurity, education, and law. Recognized by U.S. News & World Report for 12 consecutive years as Virginia's top online bachelor's programs, Regent offers best-in-class online learning experiences. Enjoy structured eight-week course sessions and leverage our robust transfer policy that accepts up to 90 credits. Regent is committed to integrating knowledge with faith, supported by dedicated advisors and faculty mentors. Affordable tuition and military benefits further empower your learning journey.

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An online PhD or doctorate in counseling or psychology allows for deeper exploration of psychological theories, practice, and research methodologies. While we’ve highlighted programs that offer online coursework, students may be required to attend some in-person residencies or clinical internships.

National University

• National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) and reflects the most current available data. In the absence of available NCES data, online enrollment data was provided by an official representative of the school. Contact the school directly for additional online enrollment information. ' >Online Enrollment: 11,757
• Recommendation rates and review counts are based on student reviews we have collected. View more reviews for this school at National University ' >Recommend Rate: 47%

For over 50 years, National University has specialized in delivering flexible online degree programs tailored for busy adults. We are a Veteran-founded, San Diego-based nonprofit, providing accessible education in over 45 accredited programs, including bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees, plus certificates. Our asynchronous format allows you to engage in coursework that fits your schedule in a dynamic, interactive environment, featuring four-week courses with monthly start dates. We proudly support a community of 240,000 alumni worldwide and offer seamless credit transfers to help you achieve educational goals anytime, anywhere. Explore our WSCUC-accredited offerings and join our global community.

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With healthcare positions projected to grow significantly over the next decade, many within the industry are pursuing degrees at the doctoral level. Most of the programs we’ve featured offer fully online coursework but may require a clinical component that must be completed in-person at a medical facility or hospital.

Colorado Christian University

• National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) and reflects the most current available data. In the absence of available NCES data, online enrollment data was provided by an official representative of the school. Contact the school directly for additional online enrollment information. ' >Online Enrollment: 5,248
• Recommendation rates and review counts are based on student reviews we have collected. View more reviews for this school at Colorado Christian University ' >Recommend Rate: 63%

At Colorado Christian University (CCU) Online, we offer more than 100 degree program options, ensuring versatile academic opportunities for adult learners worldwide. Our classes are 100% online and taught from a Christian worldview, providing flexibility with five-week course blocks tailored to fit into your busy schedule. We are committed to excellence with an average class size of just nine students, facilitating personalized learning. With 8,635 adult and graduate students enrolled, 86% qualify for financial aid, making higher education accessible. Reach out to explore your potential and become part of a community grounded in grace and truth.

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Pursuing a online PhD or doctorate in education is a great choice for those committed to advancing educational theory, policy, and practice. This advanced degree equips professionals with deep expertise in educational research, leadership, and curriculum development, positioning them to influence change at the highest levels in academia, government, or educational institutions.

California Coast University

• National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) and reflects the most current available data. In the absence of available NCES data, online enrollment data was provided by an official representative of the school. Contact the school directly for additional online enrollment information. ' >Online Enrollment: N/A
• Recommendation rates and review counts are based on student reviews we have collected. View more reviews for this school at California Coast University ' >Recommend Rate: 92%

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Overview of Online PhD Degree Programs

One of the oldest academic degrees in existence, a doctorate degree is a postsecondary credential, also known as a terminal degree , that is awarded to students who have achieved the highest level of education or training in a given area of study. Doctoral programs train students to create, apply, and research original knowledge. They take multiple years of graduate study to earn, with students completing a varying mix of coursework, exams, and practicums. 

The challenging nature of these requirements is perhaps the reason why a large number of doctoral students — roughly 50% — drop out. However, those who achieve their degree are equipped with expert-level knowledge in a given subject area as well as transferable research, writing, and communication skills. These qualifications typically prepare doctoral degree holders for advanced positions in academia, government, or vocational settings where professionals require specific expertise.

While they are primarily offered on-campus, many colleges and universities include the option to pursue a doctoral degree online. Prospective doctoral students can choose from programs offering exclusively online courses as well as hybrid models with a mix of distanced and on-campus learning.

What Are the Types of PhD Programs Online?

Not all types of doctoral degrees serve the same purpose. Many prospective students may be thinking of a PhD — also known as a Doctor of Philosophy — when referring to a doctorate. While correct, a PhD is a research doctorate in which the primary goal is to advance new knowledge. For instance, individuals who pursue a PhD degree in physics conduct original research, typically with the goal of working in academia.

By contrast, professional doctorate programs prepare students to practice a vocation. Examples include the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), Doctor of Psychology (PhD), Doctor of Medicine (MD), Doctor of Business Administration (DBA), Doctor of Education (EdD), or Juris Doctor (JD). These degree holders are trained to apply field-specific knowledge in settings such as hospitals or courtrooms.

How Long Does It Take to Earn An Online Doctoral Degree?

Depending on individual program requirements and the type of degree, most doctoral degree programs can be completed in 3-8 years, though it may take over 10 years in some circumstances. The average time to completion is 7.5 years , and accelerated or online programs are designed to be completed in 3-5 years. It is important to note that schools may place a time limit on the number of years students have to complete their doctoral coursework and defend their dissertations or capstone projects.

What Will You Learn in an Online PhD Program?

Like their on-campus peers, students in an online PhD degree spend the first few years completing advanced coursework, focusing on research, writing, and data analysis to expand or apply existing knowledge in their chosen field of interest. 

This rigorous study demands a deep commitment, as it challenges students intellectually and personally. However, online PhD students benefit from the flexibility to balance professional and personal responsibilities. 

Pursuing a terminal degree is not only about career advancement but also about personal growth, as it fosters critical thinking, resilience, and a deeper connection to one's discipline, making the journey intrinsically rewarding.

Popular Subjects at the Doctoral Level

Below, we highlight some of the online PhD programs mentioned earlier, offering additional details on career opportunities and the roles students can pursue based on their chosen specialization. This overview provides insights into the specific career paths and professional responsibilities associated with each program.

PhD in Business

An online PhD in business prepares individuals for advanced roles in academia, research, or leadership positions in the corporate world. This degree involves deep exploration of business theories, research methods, and practical applications in areas like finance, management, and marketing. While many business professionals succeed with an MBA, a PhD offers opportunities to teach at the university level or contribute to high-level research and strategy development, unlocking additional career paths.

Doctor of Nursing Practice

Nurses who hold a bachelor's or master's degree may want to pursue an online Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) to advance their career. A DNP enables a nurse to become an advanced practice registered nurse (APRN), possibly with an area of specialization. An APRN's scope of practice varies by state, but they can often diagnose illnesses, prescribe medications, and develop patient care plans. 

Doctor of Physical Therapy or Occupational Therapy

To become a licensed physical therapist, you need a Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT), which provides advanced training in assessing conditions, developing mobility plans, managing pain, and educating patients. Similarly, occupational therapists aiming to conduct research or educate others may pursue a Doctor of Occupational Therapy (DOT). While only a master's degree is required to practice, a doctorate can expand career prospects in both fields.

PhD in Clinical Psychology or Counseling

An  online PhD in clinical psychology offers in-depth training in diagnosing and treating mental health disorders, preparing graduates for clinical practice. An  online PhD in counseling , meanwhile, helps develop expertise in therapy, research, and program development. Similarly, an  online PhD in psychology provides broad knowledge of psychological theories and research, leading to careers in academia, consulting, or applied psychological research. All three programs open up opportunities for leadership, academic roles, and specialized practice.

PhD in Education

An online doctorate in education prepares professionals for advanced roles in educational research, policy-making, and leadership, focusing on improving teaching practices and educational systems. An online educational leadership doctoral program , on the other hand, specifically trains individuals to lead schools or organizations, develop educational policies, and drive systemic change. Both offer career advancement in administration, academia, or education reform.

Choosing an Online Phd Program

Prospective online doctoral students should practice their due diligence when choosing the best online PhD program. Beyond exploring program specifics and student services, students will want to select a school that has earned institutional accreditation . This means that the school has been reviewed by an independent agency and proven to meet nationally accepted standards. To determine whether the institution you're considering is accredited, visit the Database of Accredited Postsecondary Institutions and Programs .

Earning a doctorate takes years of intensive study in graduate school, so it's important for potential applicants to choose the right subject, school, and format. When researching options, it may be helpful to ask these key questions:

What are my career goals?  — First, determine whether a doctorate is necessary or desirable in a given field. For example, aspiring professors, lawyers, veterinarians, psychologists, or doctors must earn a doctorate . However, those who aim to work in areas such as business or tech typically don't require this level of education. In these cases, it may be best to earn a bachelor's or master's degree.

Do I want a professional or academic doctorate? — Different doctoral degrees serve different purposes. Students primarily interested in conducting research, advancing original knowledge, or working in academia should opt for an academic doctorate. By contrast, a professional doctorate is better suited to those who hope to practice professions such as law or medicine in real-world settings.

Applying to a Doctoral Program

Doctoral programs typically admit only a handful of new students each year, so competition for spots can be fierce. While admission requirements vary by school, most have similar requirements and these remain constant across online and in-person degree options. Prospective students typically need to meet the following requirements to get accepted into a doctoral program:

Some graduate programs require doctoral students to have completed a master's in the same or a related field, while others accept students with a bachelor's or an unrelated master's degree.

Usually, a GPA of 3.0 or higher is required across all previous degrees. Schools want to train scholars who are serious about advancing their field of study, so the academic standards are usually higher than for other degrees.

There are often competitive entrance exam scores with thresholds that vary by school. These exams include the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) or Graduate Management Admissions Test.

Letters of recommendation are useful to include, especially from professors, coaches, or mentors that speak to the student's academic and personal merit and likelihood of success in the particular program.

A personal essay is often required that expresses the student's reasons, motivation, and desire to complete a high-level degree in their chosen field.

Many doctoral programs, especially in research-heavy fields like psychology or the sciences, highly value prior research experience. Demonstrating involvement in academic research or having publications can strengthen an application. 

Some programs, particularly in clinical fields or selective disciplines, may require an interview as part of the admissions process to assess the applicant’s fit for the program and research alignment. 

In addition to these standard requirements, some disciplines require professional work experience or language proficiency. For example, students pursuing online doctoral studies in nursing may need a minimum number of clinical hours or years of full-time employment. By contrast, applicants to PhD programs in classics may need to demonstrate some familiarity with Latin or Ancient Greek.

Careers and Job Outlook

An online doctorate can lead to career opportunities that may otherwise be unavailable to bachelor's and even master's degree holders. For instance, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS ), a JD is typically required to become a practicing attorney, and doctorates are needed to become a physician, dentist, or psychologist. 

A PhD is essential for those who want to conduct research in almost any field, either in an academic setting or an advanced research facility.

Aside from expanding job opportunities in specific areas, an online doctorate also offers general career advantages. Students who successfully earn this degree typically gain considerable experience with relevant skills for government organizations, nonprofits, and startups. In particular, their ability to interpret different kinds of data, translate complex problems for wide audiences, identify unique funding opportunities, and evaluate multiple sources of information can make graduates valuable assets for employers in these industries.

Overall, the BLS projects that a doctoral degree comes with better pay and a favorable job outlook through 2030 , particularly in the education, healthcare, and law sectors. 

Benefits of Earning a PhD

It's clear that doctoral degrees may open doors to higher-paying career opportunities. Nevertheless, earning a doctorate is an expensive, demanding, and time-consuming process. Before enrolling in an online PhD program, it's worth examining the pros and cons. Below are some of the benefits: 

Practical and Life Skills : Doctoral students often gain valuable life skills like financial management, career planning, and self-motivation, in addition to deep professional expertise.

Recognition and Expertise : With fewer individuals holding PhDs, graduates are typically recognized as experts or leaders in their fields.

Personal Enrichment : For those who value continual learning, personal growth, and career advancement, earning a doctorate can be a deeply rewarding experience.

So, Is an Online Doctorate Worth It?

Like any educational investment, the worth of an online doctorate depends, in part, on personal circumstances, career goals, familial responsibilities, finances, and learning style. However, as a highly specialized and advanced degree, a doctorate comes with distinctive benefits and challenges of its own.

There are a limited number of professions that require a doctorate. However, those that do, such as doctors or lawyers, tend to be well compensated, so pursuing a doctoral program in these fields may yield a high return on investment. By contrast, the outlook for academic doctoral candidates is less promising with both salaries and the number of full-time positions decreasing for individuals who want to work in academia. But a PhD may still be worth it for those who love conducting academic research, writing, and teaching. 

Additionally, students who enroll in an online doctorate may benefit from accelerated learning models and complete their degree in as little as three years — considerably sooner than traditional programs. However, online learning may not always offer adequate support. Furthermore, by studying online, students may forgo important sources of financial aid such as research and teaching assistantships.

FAQs on PhD and Doctoral Programs

What is the difference between phds and professional doctorates.

Both PhDs and professional doctorates are terminal degrees: they are both types of doctoral degree programs. Although there are variations within advanced degrees, a PhD is generally considered a research degree program that trains students to produce original research, advance knowledge in their field, and prepare for careers in academia or scientific research. By contrast, in a professional doctorate program, students learn to apply their knowledge to real-world situations while studying advanced concepts in disciplines such as medicine, business, or law. 

Can You Earn a Doctorate Online?

Yes, you can earn a doctorate online. Over the last couple of decades, many universities have begun to offer PhD programs online, and there are now hundreds of PhD and professional doctorate online programs for you to choose from. Many accredited online PhD programs are fully remote, allowing students to take online courses and meet other degree requirements at their own pace. Other programs — particularly in the STEM fields — may require occasional campus visits to complete labs or meet faculty. 

How Demanding Is a PhD?

It can be extremely challenging to complete a PhD program. Many doctoral students find the advanced coursework to be mentally demanding, and they often face financial and emotional stressors, resulting in anxiety or depression . A strong support network, realistic expectations, and clear goals may help doctoral candidates retain a positive outlook during their higher education journey. 

For more information on coping with mental and emotional challenges while earning a degree, see our mental health guide for college students .

Which Doctorate Is the Highest In Demand?

In recent years, some world economy experts have predicted that graduates with PhDs may experience job shortages and career insecurity in academia. However, the BLS expects several doctoral degrees to remain in high demand through the end of this decade. One example is a PhD in any high-growth STEM field, where a doctorate may increase job opportunities. Additionally, demand for JD graduates and nurses with a doctoral education also remains strong.

Can I Earn My Doctorate Without a Master's?

Yes, depending on the type of degree and subject, you can earn a doctorate without first earning a master's degree . In fact, many PhD programs incorporate all of the master's-level and doctoral-level coursework into one program, allowing bachelor's degree holders to enter directly into a doctoral program.

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Online PhD Programs

Regardless of academic field or discipline, doctoral degrees are considered terminal; they demand the highest standards of rigorous academic study and research.

Students who earn an online Ph.D. or professional doctorate fall into an elite category of highly educated professionals. Doctoral students acquire broad understanding of their discipline, specialized expertise in their field, and advanced research and writing skills. Many students opt to complete Ph.D. programs online instead of on campus.

Doctoral programs demand several years of challenging academic work, but they prove valuable for many aspiring academics, researchers, and working professionals seeking career and salary advancement. Doctoral degrees help many professionals become professors or administrators in sectors such as healthcare or education. Many doctoral programs only accept students with related master's degrees or related professional experience.

This page surveys some of the doctoral degree types and career paths available. See below for information on Ph.D. online program quality, pricing, and length. This information, plus our ranked list of top online Ph.D. programs, helps readers determine whether an online doctoral program aligns with their career goals, qualifications, and strengths.

What is a Doctoral Degree?

Certain prestigious and specialized career paths require doctoral-level degrees, the most advanced degrees available in most fields. According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), the number of doctoral students has increased steadily in recent years, making doctoral degrees necessary for competition in certain career paths.

Qualified candidates for many positions in higher education, research, or law hold a Ph.D. or another doctoral-level professional degree such as a doctor of education (Ed.D.), juris doctor (JD), or various medical doctoral degrees.

Doctoral-level medical careers include veterinarians, who need doctor of veterinary medicine (D.V.M.) degrees; physical therapists, who earn doctor of physical therapy (DPT) degrees; and medical doctors, who hold doctor of medicine (MD) or doctor of osteopathic medicine (DO) degrees.

Doctoral degrees often take 3-8 years to finish. Practicum or professional experience requirements influence doctoral program length in many health and education fields. Exam-based professional programs such as the JD often require just 3-4 years to complete. Ph.D. programs involving independent research projects often take 6-9 years to finish.

Depending on industry, career path, and level of success, graduates often see a valuable return on their time investment. The College Payoff , a report produced by the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce, indicates that doctoral degree-holders' lifetime earnings average $3.3-$3.6 million. This figure puts doctoral graduates' lifetime earnings 61% above bachelor's degree-holders' earnings. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data indicates that doctoral graduates enjoy median weekly earnings of $1,883 — nearly double the $969 median weekly wage for all workers.

Best Online Ph.D. and Doctoral Programs

What's the difference between a ph.d. and a professional doctoral degree.

Both Ph.D. and professional doctoral degrees typically require advanced skills in research, writing, and oral defense. Many disciplines offer both Ph.D. and professional degree options. Note key differences between these degree types and choose wisely based on personal preferences, talents, and career goals.

The Ph.D. constitutes a more academic study path focused on theory, data analysis, and original research. Ph.D. programs typically prepare students for academic teaching or research careers by teaching enrollees to evaluate, analyze, and present academic theory and research literature.

Professional doctoral programs such as doctor of business administration (DBA) and doctor of public health (Dr.PH.) focus on research applications for professional practice and usually serve working professionals seeking career advancement.

Ph.D. students usually write dissertations, while professional doctoral students usually complete practical projects such as research studies or problem-solving initiatives at real-world sites.

The Most Popular Types of Doctoral Degrees

NCES data shows that healthcare professionals earn 43.63% of all doctoral degrees — more than twice the number found in law, which boasts the second-highest rate of doctoral degrees at 18.77%. Data from the same source indicates that only 4.47%-6.94% of professionals in the remaining disciplines of education, engineering, and biological sciences hold doctoral degrees. See below for descriptions of some of the most common doctoral degrees, including the Ed.D., Ph.D., and MD.

• Health professions and related programs–43.63%
• Legal professions and studies — 18.77%
• Education — 6.94%
• Engineering and engineering technologies — 5.99%
• Biological and biomedical sciences — 4.47%

Source: NCES

Continue reading for a list of some of the most common doctoral degrees:

Doctor of Education (Ed.D.)

Many aspiring education administrators, curriculum designers, and other educators interested in developing practical solutions for modern education concerns choose to earn an Ed.D. Common concentrations include higher education leadership, early childhood education, or elementary STEM education.

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)

Ph.D. programs offer an opportunity for research that students often tailor to their individual interests and career goals. Though different than the Ed.D. degree, Ph.D. concentrations often include a variety of education options, as well as specializations in business, marketing, and public health, among other research fields.

Doctor of Theology (ThD)

The Doctor of Theology offers a research degree comparable to the Ph.D. Optional concentrations often include history of Christianity, world church and world religions, and liturgical studies.

Medicinae Doctorate (MD)

Medical doctors and primary physicians hold an MD in order to practice general medicine in the U.S. Common concentrations include women's reproductive health, integrative medicine, and medical education.

Is an Online Doctorate Degree as Good as an On-Campus Degree?

An increasingly popular education choice, online programs offer academic rigor and reputations similar to on-campus equivalents. Most schools offering both online and on-campus versions of their degree programs award diplomas that do not differentiate between these degree types.

Recent research suggests that online and on-campus learning elicit similar student satisfaction levels. According to a 2016 report generated by The Learning House, Inc. and Aslanian Market ResearchData, nearly 65% of today's online students evidence prior online learning experience.

The same source reports that 90% of college students rate their online education experience as equivalent or better than their on-campus course experiences. The report also indicates that around 70% of students deem their online programs worth the time and financial investment.

The sections below discuss the benefits of online Ph.D. programs, including lower cost and greater attendance flexibility.

Is It Cheaper to Get a Doctoral Degree Online?

Pursuing an online Ph.D. often results in less student debt than on-campus options. Online programs often allow out-of-state students to pay cheaper in-state or online tuition rates, and many schools also waive various university service fees. Online students also save money by avoiding the residency and commuting costs of full-time, on-campus programs. Many homeowners and residents of rural areas who enjoy low living expenses attend online programs without relocating to more expensive urban or suburban areas.

Online doctoral degrees also frequently feature flexible attendance options that enable working professionals to maintain their current income while pursuing an advanced degree. Many online programs permit students to participate during evenings, weekends, or whenever proves convenient. Online students also enjoy equal access to financial aid, including federal grants and loans and university scholarships. The College Board's 2019 report on higher education trends indicates that full-time graduate students receive financial aid averaging $28,140.

How Much Does an Online Ph.D. Program Cost?

The College Board's 2019 report on college pricing indicates that public universities charge a fraction of the tuition and fees found at private nonprofit schools. The following comparative table below highlights the $34,000 difference in average doctoral program pricing between public and private higher education institutions.

Source: College Board

How Long does it Take to Get a Doctorate Degree Online?

Doctoral program length varies widely based on factors including degree type, discipline and field, and student pacing. NCES data from 2018 indicates that doctoral students' median finish time as 7.3 years since starting graduate school and 5.8 years since starting their doctoral programs. This discrepancy suggests that students with transferable graduate work, such as from a master's degree, finish their doctoral programs about 1.5 years faster.

NCES statistics also suggest that time-to-degree varies substantially by discipline of study. Doctoral degrees in physical science, mathematics, computer science, and engineering boast median completion times at least one year faster than social science degrees. Humanities, arts, and education doctoral programs take the longest.

How to Choose an Online Doctoral Degree

After deciding to earn a doctorate online, prospective students select a program. Though online programs generally share many of the same benefits, they often vary in their ability to meet your needs. First, make sure the program you choose fits your career needs, and that it offers preparation for any certification or licensing exams required in your particular area of study.

Some programs require campus visits in combination with online study. In this case, consider your proximity to campus. You may even enjoy certain campus perks, like gym access or tutoring centers, if your program requires you to complete some coursework there. Though all online programs offer flexibility, consider your learning style and what you need from the learning environment. If you are looking to study at your own pace, consider programs that offer asynchronous classes. The price of earning your doctorate online varies depending on whether your program is offered by a nonprofit or for-profit, private or public school.

Is it Better to Attend an Online Doctoral Degree Program in My State?

Your location plays a role in the cost of your online degree. Many schools charge different amounts for in- and out-of-state tuition, for both online and on-campus programs. Even if your online program does not require campus visits, many schools request proof of residence for cheaper in-state rates.

Students should check their own school's residency policies and look for state authorization or a school's State Authorization Reciprocity Agreement (SARA), which implements interstate, regional standards of postsecondary courses and programs. Many students prefer to enroll in an online program within their home state to pursue career counseling or other on-campus services.

Many doctoral-level career paths in fields like law or psychology require state licensure as well as a doctoral degree. Licensure requirements include professional experience hours, education credit requirements, and licensure examinations. Doctoral programs for these careers usually include coursework and internship or practicum experiences tailored to fulfill licensure requirements. Many professionals looking to practice in a new state transfer their license by taking advantage of reciprocity agreements maintained between state boards.

Why Accreditation is Key

When researching online doctoral programs, consider institutional and programmatic accreditation standards. The Council of Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) recognizes various regional and national accrediting organizations that evaluate schools' academic quality. Many online schools receive their accreditation from the Distance Education Accrediting Commission .

Institutions and programs undergo the accreditation process voluntarily to ensure academic rigor. Accreditation matters because the federal government only grants federal financial aid to students at accredited schools. Schools also usually only recognize credits and degrees from schools with equivalent or superior accreditation standards.

Consider institutions accredited by CHEA-approved regional accreditors . Degrees from regionally accredited schools garner more respect from peers, other schools, and prospective employers.

High-quality professional programs also hold programmatic accreditation from field-based accrediting agencies recognized by CHEA. Prospective students can consult program websites or the Database of Accredited Postsecondary Institutions and Programs to determine accreditation status.

Careers that Require a Doctorate

Most careers requiring a doctoral degree fall into three general arenas: education, research, and healthcare. Aspiring professors and researchers in most nonmedical disciplines usually earn Ph.D. degrees. Ph.D. students often begin teaching and conducting research during graduate school, but candidates typically need their degree in hand to acquire full-time professorships or research positions.

Healthcare professions requiring doctoral degrees include veterinarians, physical therapists, medical doctors, and pharmacy directors. Psychiatrists and psychologists usually need doctoral degrees also. Most doctoral-level healthcare professions also require state licensure.

Professor, Postsecondary/Higher Education : Higher education professors teach undergraduate or graduate courses in their discipline or related disciplines. Aspiring professors typically need to earn terminal degrees in their field to obtain secure, full-time teaching jobs at universities and colleges. According to the BLS, postsecondary teachers made a median annual salary of $79,540 in 2019. The BLS projects job growth at a rate of 11% for 2018-2028.

Senior Research Scientist : Often working in laboratory and/or university environments, senior research scientists focus primarily on conducting research or experiments and gathering, analyzing, and presenting results or findings. PayScale salary data indicates that senior research scientists average $101,244 annually, although salaries depend on employer, field, and industry.

Psychiatrist : These professionals provide consultation and medication to patients struggling with mental health issues and disorders. Psychiatrists hold MD or DO degrees and earn a substantial mean annual wage of $220,380, according to the BLS .

Physical Therapist : Physical therapists assist elderly, injured, and disabled people to manage pain, increase mobility, and improve quality of life. The BLS projects 22% job growth for physical therapists during 2018-2028, and earnings data indicates that these professionals made a median annual salary of $89,440 in 2019. These professionals hold DPT degrees.

Hospital Pharmacy Director : These directors oversee all pharmacy operations. Major responsibilities include staff supervision, compliance assurance, customer service, and decision-making. Hospital pharmacy directors require doctor of pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degrees from accredited schools, plus licenses from their states of practice. PayScale indicates that hospital pharmacy directors average $146,293 annually.

Veterinarian : Often working in private clinics or animal hospitals, veterinarians provide preventative medical care and treatment for animals. Duties include examining, assessing, and testing animals; advising owners and prescribing treatments; and performing surgeries and euthanizations. BLS salary data shows that these professionals earned a median annual salary of $95,460 in 2019.

Applying to a Doctoral Degree Program

The application process for doctoral degree programs typically entails researching potential programs, studying for and taking standardized tests, and submitting application materials. Graduate applications typically require official transcripts, standardized test scores, recommendation letters, and a personal statement or essay. Many graduate programs also require a resume or portfolio, as well as an interview.

Graduate admissions typically prove far more competitive than undergraduate admissions. Invest time to produce high-quality application materials. This helpful guide provides a general overview of the application process and timeline for U.S. graduate schools.

1. Testing : Many doctoral program admissions committees expect applicants to submit graduate-level standardized tests. The graduate record examination (GRE), a commonly required standardized test in the United States and Canada, tests verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, and analytical writing. Many programs require students to take the general GRE and a GRE subject test.

Other possible standardized tests include the Law School Admission Test (LSAT), the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), and the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT). Try a few practice tests several months in advance of application deadlines, to see whether their scores approach the score minimums stipulated by their prospective doctoral programs.

2. Letters of Recommendation : Doctoral program admissions usually require 2-4 recommendation letters from relevant professors and mentors. Applicants typically approach their recommenders 1-2 months prior to their deadline and make sure that the recommender can write a positive recommendation.

Many applications allow online submission of recommendations. Check in with recommenders regularly to encourage and verify timely submission of the letter.

3. Resume/Portfolio : To assess an applicant's professional accomplishments, most doctoral programs require submission of a resume or curriculum vita and/or a writing sample or portfolio. Ph.D. admissions teams look favorably upon applicants who produce compelling and original master's theses, projects, or similarly competitive achievements.

Meanwhile, demonstrated success and experience in relevant professional roles often improves the prospects of doctoral candidates in disciplines such as business, education, or law.

4. Purpose Statement/Essay : Doctoral programs typically require some kind of purpose statement or essay. At the doctoral application level, a purpose statement outlines the applicant's specific research and professional goals during and after their doctoral program. A clear, focused purpose statement evidences an applicant's ability to direct their own research.

5. Official Transcripts : Most programs require applicants to submit official transcripts from all prior undergraduate and graduate schools attended. Several weeks before your application deadlines, contact each prior institution's registrar's office to fill out and submit a transcript request form (which usually involves a small fee).

Previous schools send official, signed, and sealed copies of your transcripts to whichever prospective programs you specify on your transcript request form. Students submitting applications at the last minute or while still in school often ask prospective schools to accept unofficial transcript copies while waiting for official transcripts to arrive.

Earth System Science & Policy Ph.D.

Help drive new Earth system science and policy research to advance knowledge and develop original solutions to global sustainability challenges.

Learn to generate rigorous scientific inquiry that bridges the gaps identified in scientific knowledge. UND's Earth System Science & Policy Ph.D. combines theory with practice, global and local perspectives, and scientific and social disciplines.

Why earn an earth system science and policy Ph.D.?

If you're an international student, refer to the international application process for deadlines.

Sustainability science seeks to meet the needs of society while sustaining the life support systems of the planet. UND's Earth System Science & Policy Ph.D. program is practical in nature. The multidisciplinary nature of the curriculum ensures a comprehensive understanding of Earth systems and policies, enabling you to approach complex challenges with a holistic perspective.

You'll have opportunities to become a high-level researcher with the ability to generate new theories and knowledge. In addition, you will gain research expertise to be able to critically evaluate and identify gaps in existing knowledge.

The research, technical skills, and expertise you accumulate throughout the program are not just academic achievements; they directly translate into your capacity to influence environmental policies and regulations. As a graduate, you become a key player in the ongoing dialog surrounding sustainability. You’ll contribute to the development and implementation of policies that address pressing environmental issues. Your work can have a tangible impact on driving sustainability progress, fostering a harmonious balance between societal needs and the preservation of our planet's life support systems.

UND's Earth System Science & Policy Ph.D.

Gain the skills  to generate creative new solutions to Earth system and sustainability problems, and to seize opportunities presented by a changing environment.

Prepare for a range of careers in industry, government agencies and higher education.

Generate rigorous and original scientific inquiry that bridges gaps in scientific knowledge.

Synthesize and communicate research results with a dissertation, peer reviewed publications and professional presentations.

Enhance your professional skills at 60+ free workshops offered through the UND School of Graduate Studies. Our goal is to provide you with the workforce skills and job search strategies to succeed.

Study at a Carnegie Doctoral Research Institution ranked #151 by the NSF. Students are an integral part of UND research.

What can I do with an earth system science Ph.D.?

Median annual salary for geoscientists, 2023

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Projected job growth for geoscientists through 2032

Earth system science and policy research is a fast-growing field. It offers those with high-level graduate experience plenty of opportunity, especially considering today's environmental and sustainability issues, and evolving government regulations. This Ph.D. program offers the curriculum and research resources to prepare you for a successful career in:

• Private industry
• Government agencies
• Non-governmental organizations
• Academic professions

UND graduates can expect exciting opportunities to a wide range of professions, including:

• Earth system scientists
• Environmental and geospatial consultant
• Environmental project manager
• Governmental agency careers
• Non-governmental Organizations
• Chief environmental scientist
• Academic career

Earth System Science & Policy alumni have gone on to a variety of successful careers with:

• Advanced Engineering & Environmental Services, Inc.
• EMU Office of Research Development
• International Water Institute
• Dewberry Consultants, Inc.
• Environmental Communication Options

Earth System Science & Policy Ph.D. Courses

ESSP 503. Environmental Policy & Science. 3 Credits.

Human interactions with the Earth system are often managed through policy and science. This course will introduce students to concepts, ideas, practices, and challenges at the nexus of policy, science, and the environment. Students will examine the human dimensions of environmental problems and the different roles of policy and science in helping us address them. F.

ESSP 504. The Biosphere. 3 Credits.

The Biosphere ( ESSP 504 ) introduces students to the concept of the biosphere as articulated by Vladimir Vernadsky in the 1920s and 1930s, and examines the concepts and roles of nutrient cycling, biodiversity, evolution, ecology, and ecosystem productivity on Earth. The overall course is framed around the Drake equation and walks students through critical steps in the formation of the solar system, habitable zones around stars, evolution and proliferation of life on Earth, the interconnected nature of inorganic nutrient cycling and ecosystem function, and human's impact on all these systems, culminating with the final variable of the Drake equation--the longevity of civilizations--and humanity's active role in the Anthropocene. F.

ESSP 505. Energy Issues and Earth Systems. 3 Credits.

This course is about contemporary complex energy issues. It gives an overview of energy history, the last century trends and the achievement in energy production. It also discusses energy systems and energy "linkages" with society. It then examines the pros and the cons of both fossil fuels and alternative fuels. Finally it considers the future of energy in low-carbon energy systems. F.

ESSP 506. Ecosystem Services: Valuing Nature in a Market Society. 3 Credits.

Analyzes the services and goods provided by natural and human-made ecosystems with a primary focus on the agroecosystems and grasslands of the northern Great Plains. Explores the scientific framework of ecosystem services, their disruption or disturbance, economic and ecological values, methods of analyzing these values, and policy implications. S.

ESSP 507. Earth Systems Processes and Vulnerability Analysis. 3 Credits.

Earth Systems Processes and Vulnerability Analysis ( ESSP 507 ) will explore how humans exist on an active landscape. The course focuses on an understanding of the integration of the processes of physical Earth systems and the human vulnerability to hazards and Earth system syndromes related to these processes. The course also explores human vulnerability by analyzing spatial, numerical, and historical data, through spatial and statistical techniques. S.

Online Ph.D. in Earth System Science & Policy

best online graduate programs

best online college in North Dakota

UND's online Ph.D. in Earth System Science & Policy is fully online. You never have to come to campus.

UND is one of the most affordable online colleges in the region. For this program, we offer the same online tuition rates regardless of your legal residency. Compare and you’ll see UND is lower cost than similar four-year doctoral universities.

Flexible Online Ph.D. in Earth System Science & Policy Courses

With asynchronous classes, you do not attend class at a set time. If you need to balance work, family, and other commitments, this flexible format allows you to learn anywhere at any time.

Depending on your instructor, you’ll learn online through:

• Lesson modules
• Streaming video content
• Virtual libraries
• Posted lectures
• Online simulations

There will be times when you interact with your instructor and classmates through online discussion boards, polls, and chat rooms.

Your learning revolves around materials that can be accessed on your own time within a set time frame. However, this is not a self-paced course. You’ll have structure and deadlines.

Top-Tier Online Earth System Science Ph.D.

Over a third of UND's student population is exclusively online; plus, more take a combination of online and on campus classes. You can feel reassured knowing you won't be alone in your online learning journey and you'll have resources and services tailored to your needs. No matter how you customize your online experience, you’ll get the same top-quality education as any other on campus student.

• Same degree:  All online programs are fully accredited by the Higher Learning Commission (HLC) . Your transcript and diploma are exactly the same as our on-campus students.
• Same classes: You’ll take courses from UND professors, start and end the semesters at the same time and take the same classes as a student on campus.
• Real interaction:  You can ask questions, get feedback and regularly connect with your professors, peers and professionals in the field.
• Your own academic advisor:  As an invaluable go-to, they’re focused on you, your personal success and your future career.
• Free online tutoring:  We're here to help you one-on-one at no cost. Plus, get access to a variety of self-help online study resources.
• Unlimited academic coaching:  Need support to achieve your academic goals or feeling stumped by a tough course? We'll help with everything from stress and time management to improving your memory to achieve higher test scores.
• Full online access: Dig into virtual research at UND's libraries. Improve your writing skills with online help from the UND Writing Center. Get online access to career services, veteran and military services, financial services and more.
• 24/7 technical support:  UND provides free computer, email and other technical support for all online students.
• Networking opportunities: Our significant online student population means you’ll have a large pool of peers to connect with. UND has numerous online events and activities to keep you connected.

Best Online College

Our high alumni salaries and job placement rates, with affordable online tuition rates make UND a best-value university for online education. UND's breadth of online programs rivals all other nonprofit universities in the Upper Midwest making UND one of the best online schools in the region.

UND ranks among the best online colleges in the nation for:

• Affordability
• Student satisfaction (retention rate)
• Academic quality (4-year graduate rate)
• Student outcomes (20-year return on investment per Payscale.com)

Earth System Science & Policy

The earth is comprised of complex and interconnected systems. Learn about programs and research opportunities at UND.

Connect with the faculty you'll work with at UND or discover additional education opportunities.

• Department of Earth System Science & Policy
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