unemployment rate research paper philippines

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A Jobless Growth: Why is Unemployment Still High in the Philippines?

This paper investigates the effects of education, inflation, consumption, and GDP growth on unemployment in the Philippines. Using Ordinary Least Squares, the impact of each factors affecting unemployment is determined. To yield robust estimates, possible violations of the assumptions of the classical linear regression model (CLRM) are accounted for. Several theories indicate that an increase in education and consumption is associated with a decrease in unemployment. However, results of this study show otherwise. The findings suggest that the country’s labor force grows faster than its GDP. Furthermore, the government highly invests in education, but focuses less on the availability of jobs for future labor force participants. Because of this, there is an oversupply of potential workers that would not only lead to more unemployment but underemployment as well.

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Asian Journal of Economic Modelling

Unemployment is among the major problems not only in less developed and developing countries but in developed countries as well. It spells out the extent of poverty a household will have to sustain. Strongly influenced by the premises of the Okun’s Law and Phillips Curve, this study sought to determine the link between unemployment and inflation and economic growth. An additional explanatory variable, age dependency ratio, was introduced to investigate this facet of unemployment which is based on the premise that a high age dependency ratio would result to lower unemployment. Unit root tests were employed to the data series prior to testing the hypothesized relationships which employed ordinary least squares (OLS) regression technique. Tests for heteroskedasticity and collinearity were done using White’s test and VIF, respectively. It was found that unemployment is negatively related to inflation and economic growth, confirming Okun’s Law and Philips Curve in the Philippines for the...

International Journal of Research Studies in Education

The study was made to examine the relationship among GDP, inflation, and unemployment in the Philippines (1970-2011). Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test was used to check the unit root property of the variables, resulted in all the variables having a unit root at single differencing. The Engle-Granger Test was used to test cointegration of each variable-showed no cointegration (there is no long-run relationship among the variables). The researchers could still study the short-run relationships between and among the variables using the VAR model which was interpreted using the Short-Run Model, IRF, Variance Decomposition, and Graph Residuals. Diagnostic checking was used to check on heteroscedasticity, normality, and serial correlations. The Granger Causality Test was used to know if changes in a variable would impact other variables which showed that all variables do not Granger-cause each other. After performing the tests, there exist significant short-run relationships between real GDP and CPI; between real GDP and UP; and between CPI and UP. The verifications of inverse relationship between real GDP and CPI, Okun's Law, and Phillips curve in the Philippines were not justified since the models do not have long-run relationships. Reasons enumerated to explain the relationships existing among the variables in the Philippines: (1) heavy dependence on external finance and response on crises (relationship between GDP and CPI); (2) structural issues, relatively high redundancy cost, heavily regulated hiring/firing practices (relationship between GDP and UP); (3) implementation of inflation targeting, globalization of markets, and rigidity in the labor market (relationship between CPI and UP).

This paper examines the determinants of unemployment in the Philippines using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Method (ARDL).

Science and Technology Development Journal, 2016

The study estimates the impact of inflation, unemployment and population on the education in the Philippines. This study determines the causality between the education expenditure and GDP. This study used the structural stability test to examine the stability of the coefficients of the model between different time periods despite the economic environment in previous years. Findings show that education expenditure granger causes economic growth as what introduced by the endogenous growth theory which emphasized the importance of education on economic growth, in estimating education on the economic growth of the Philippines as education conduit for accumulation of human capital that will have an effect to economic growth. This shows the value of the educated labor force in the Philippine economy, even though the study encountered difficulty in gathering data, specifically for education expenditure as a consequence of limited data published by the government. Findings also show that po...

Journal of economics, finance and accounting studies, 2022

The impending unemployment situation in the Philippines is dreadful to the economic development. The study aims to formulate an econometric model for the determinants of economic development. This paper may be a new approach in understanding the inter-dependencies between the economic forces, but using a local region does prove that there are new insights regarding the economic factors in the Philippines. The results show that an increase/decrease in Labor Force Participation Rate (female) and General Government Final Consumption Expenditure increases/decreases in Unemployment Rate Among Female approximately. In contrast, an increase in the Inflation Rate decreased in Unemployment Rate Among females. The analysis uses E-views version 11 and 12. The results show a significant relationship between Unemployment Rate Among females and Labor Force Participation Rate (female), Inflation Rate, and General Government Final Consumption Expenditure using Multiple Linear Regression Analysis and Autocorrelation. Moreover, Johansen Cointegration Test proves a long-run relationship among the variables. The authors suggest that the analysis is imperative to help the economy maintain a high standard level and can be used by the government to implement policies that specifically highlight the role of women in economic growth.

Proceedings of the First Multidiscipline International Conference, MIC 2021, October 30 2021, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2022

The high number of educated unemployed is one of the features of unemployment in Indonesia, however economic growth and earnings are increasing every year. This is troubling because, in theory, as the economy grows and incomes rise, unemployment should decrease, but it does not in practice. The motivation behind this examination is to investigate: 1) the effect of financial development on instructed joblessness, and 2) the effect of wages on taught joblessness. This form of study is done after the fact. The study focuses on 33 Indonesian provinces utilizing panel data. Documentation is a data collection tool. Panel data regression is used to test hypotheses. The findings of the study show something which: 1) Peconomic growth has a big negative impact on educated unemployment, 2) Wages have a significant positive impact on educated unemployment.

This paper analyzes the relationship between growth and inequality in the Philippines, focusing on the role played by the labor market. It proposes a decomposition methodology that explores linkages between growth and labor market performances in terms of labor force participation, employment, working hours and productivity. This paper introduces a methodology that provides a direct linkage between growth, inequality and labor market characteristics. The paper provides empirical analysis using both the Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) and Labor Force Survey (LFS), covering the period 1997 to 2003. ♣ This paper is prepared for the 45th Annual Meeting of the Philippine Economic Society on November 1416, 2007. ♠ The author would like to thank Professor Nanak Kakwani and Jane Carangal-San Jose for their valuable and insightful comments and suggestions on the paper. Email address for correspondence: [email protected]; Tel: 63-2-632 6477; Fax: 63-2-636 2365.

KRISNADWIPAYANA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

The issue of relationship between inflation and unemployment is one of the topics which have been discussed for long time. Philips Theory says that inflation rate has a relationship to unemployment rate, it becomes very interesting to observe the data of Indonesian Phenomena refer to the above theory therefore, this objective of this paper is to narrow the gap in literature by examining the long-run relationship between the change of labor force level, LF (t), inflation, ? (t), unemployment, UE (t), in Indonesia. It also to investigate the individual relationship between the change rate of LF and inflation, and change rate of LF and unemployment. Therefore, we use two different methods to test the cointegration. First is the Engle Granger approach based on the unit root test in the residuals of linear regression, which also includes a number of specification tests, Second method is the Johansen cointegration rank test based on a VAR representation, which is also proved to be an ade...

The study investigates the economic growth, inflation, minimum wage and unemployment data for seven province in Indonesia between the years of 2004 to 2012. Reggression Analysis with SPSS 18 to examining the empirical relationship among the economic growth, inflation, minimum wage and unemployment. The results of the study reveal that while the economic growth and unemployment variables have unsignificant effects on the unemployment, the inflation and unemployment variables have positive and significant effects on unemployment, the minimum wage and unemployment variables have unsignificant effects on unemployment.

This study is conducted to explore the impact of inflation and economic growth along with trade openness and urban population on unemployment for a case of Pakistan for the period from 1973-2010. This study uses Augmented Dickey Fuller (1981) Test to test unit root problem and in order to find out the long run relationship among unemployment; inflation, economic growth, trade openness and urban population as share of total population, we have applied Johansen-Juselius (1990) Maximum Likelihood Approach. This study concludes that inflation significantly increases unemployment in the long term; economic growth has a significant adverse impact on unemployment in the long run and in the short run respectively, and the impact of trade openness on unemployment is positively and insignificant in the long run but this impact becomes significant in the short run. Finally, the findings of the study sheds light on the impact of urban population as share of total population on unemployment for both long run and short run, and it has found that urban population as share of total population has an adverse impact on unemployment in the long run as well as in the short run.

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