speech impediment lisp meaning

• Children's Health

What Is a Lisp?

A lisp is a speech impediment that specifically relates to making the sounds associated with the letters S and Z. Lisps usually develop during childhood and often go away on their own. But some persist and require treatment.

What Causes a Lisp?

There are no known causes of lisps. Some people think that using a pacifier after a certain age may contribute to lisps. They believe prolonged pacifier use can strengthen the muscles of the tongue and lips, making lisps more likely. However, pacifier usage is not a factor in every child with a lisp. Additionally, each child who uses a pacifier doesn't get a lisp.

Other possible causes of lisps include:

• Tongue-tie — a condition where the tongue is tethered to the bottom of the mouth. This restricts its movement. Another name for a tongue-tie is ankyloglossia.
• Problems with jaw alignment.
• Simply having learned to say the sound incorrectly.

When Is Lisping a Concern?

Many young children have some kind of lisp as they learn to talk. It is one of the most common speech impediments. About 23% of speech-language pathologist clients have lisps. 

However, you may want to look into professional help if your child is still lisping after the age of 4 1/2. However, children as young as three years old can work on lisping with a speech-language pathologist.

Types of Lisps

There are four types of lisps:

• Frontal lisp. This lisp occurs when you push your tongue too far forward, making a "th" sound when trying to words with S or Z in them.
• Lateral lisp. Extra air slides over your tongue when making S and Z sounds, making it sound like there is excess saliva.
• Palatal lisp. You touch your tongue to the roof of your mouth when making S and Z sounds.
• Dental lisp. This lisp sounds like a frontal lisp. The difference is that instead of pushing the tongue through the teeth, it is pressing against the teeth.

Treatment for Lisps

Speech-language pathologists are specialists who can help children with lisps. They will evaluate what type of lisp your child has and then help them with it over a period of time. It can take anywhere from a few months to a few years to get rid of a lisp. If a child is older when they start working with a speech-language pathologist, it may take a longer time. 

Speech pathologists work with people who have lisps to help them recognize what their lisp sounds like and how to position their tongue in the correct place to make the sound. They do this by giving them exercises to do, like saying specific words or phrases with the sounds in them. Once your child has been working on their lisp for a while, your speech pathologist will engage them in conversation to challenge them to remember proper tongue placement.

If your child's lisp is from a tongue-tie, a doctor may recommend a simple in-office procedure called a frenotomy to reduce the tethering. They take a pair of scissors and snip the excess tissue holding the tongue down. If the tongue-tie is more severe, a surgery called a frenuloplasty may be required.

How to Find a Speech-Language Pathologist

Make sure that any speech-language pathologist you take your child to is licensed. In the US, each state has a different licensure process for speech-language therapists. They may also opt to get an additional certification from ASHA — the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Those who have this certification show they meet certain qualifications and follow ASHA's code of ethics. 

You should also make sure the speech-language therapist is child-friendly. You may be able to find this information on their website or by reading reviews online. In the session, you can also observe the interaction to make sure you are comfortable with how the therapist is treating your child.

After evaluation, the speech-language pathologist should be able to tell which type of lisp your child has. They should also be able to recommend exercises specific to that type of lisp to help your child. 

Other Types of Speech Impediments

Lisps are just one type of speech impediment. Other common speech impediments include:

• Lambdacism. Trouble saying the letter L. People with lambdacism often use the R sound as a substitute.
• Rhotacism. Difficulty with saying the letter R correctly.

The three most common speech impediments are sigmatism (lisping), lambdacism, and rhotacism. However, other people can also have trouble pronouncing the sounds associated with the letters K, G, T, D, and E. 

Home Remedies to Help Lisps

Whether or not your child sees a speech-language pathologist, there are things you can do at home to help your child's lisp, including:

• Treat allergies and sinus problems that may lead to lisping.
• Curb thumb sucking .
• Have your child drink through a straw to build strength.
• Encourage playtime with things like bubbles or horns.

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Lessons in Speech with Nanette

Where We Answer the 'Why' Questions of Speech Therapy

What are Lisps: Causes, Types, and Treatment

A lisp is a speech issue that affects how someone says a group of sounds called sibilants (s, z, sh, zh, ch, j) and lingua-alveolar (t, d, n, l). Sibilant sounds are those made by hissing, like “s” and “z”, while lingua-alveolar sounds involve the tongue touching the ridge behind the upper teeth. Learned inappropriate speech movements can cause lisps, which may persist into adulthood without treatment. Four types of lisps exist: interdental, dentalized, lateral, and palatal.

Speech therapy plays a crucial role in the treatment and management of lisping. Specially trained speech therapists work with individuals to correct improper tongue placement and improve muscle control required for proper articulation. If your child is still lisping beyond 4.5-5 years old, then you should consult a speech pathologist. Speech therapy programs tailor to individual needs, designing exercises to be engaging and effective for each person. The intervention often occurs at an early age, as early detection and therapy can significantly improve outcomes.

In educational settings, addressing speech issues is vital for a child’s confidence and learning development. When speech disorders like lisping are identified early by educators, appropriate therapy can be initiated promptly. This early intervention, often in the form of speech therapy within educational frameworks, ensures that children have the best possible support to overcome speech difficulties and thrive in their academic and social lives.

Key Takeaways

• Lisp is a speech disorder influencing sibilants (s, z, sh, zh, ch, j) and lingua-alveolar (t, d, n, l), with various causes.
• Speech therapy is essential for correcting lisps through targeted exercises.
• Addressing lisping early in educational settings boosts confidence and learning.

Understanding Lisps

Lisping in children is a speech disorder marked by the misarticulation of sibilants (s, z, sh, zh, ch, j) and lingua-alveolar (t, d, n, l) sounds. This section provides insights into the common causes of lisping and the various types of lisps observed in children.

What Causes A Lisp?

Some of the most common causes of a lisp in children include:

• Learned inaccurate tongue postures and movements for sounds
• Reduced oral stability of the whole face including the child’s jaw, tongue, cheeks, and lips.
• Hearing issues

Different Types of Lisps

Interdental Lisp: This occurs when a child thrusts their tongue between the teeth while articulating ‘s’ and ‘z’ sounds, which makes the sounds resemble a ‘th.’

Dentalized Lisp: A dentalized lisp occurs when a child presses their tongue against their front teeth, making “s” and “z” sounds unclear.

Lateral Lisp: Here, the air flows inappropriately over the sides of the tongue rather than down the center, leading to ‘s’ and ‘z’ sounds that are often described as wet or slushy.

A palatal lisp —less common—emerges when the middle of the tongue touches the soft palate, or the back of the mouth is raised too high when attempting to produce ‘s’ and ‘z’ sounds.

Each type of lisp has distinct characteristics that speech-language pathologists look for during assessment and therapy. Intervention typically involves helping the child relearn the articulation of sibilants (s, z, sh, zh, ch, j) or lingua-alveolar (t, d, n, l) sounds through targeted speech exercises and practice.

Treatment and Therapy

In treating a lisp, both professional therapy and practicing at home are essential. Speech therapists offer specialized skills to help improve articulation.

Professional Speech Therapy

Speech pathologists assess and treat lisps in various settings, including schools, private clinics, and hospitals. School speech therapists indeed treat lisps among their student populations, focusing specifically on correcting speech sound disorders. They develop individualized treatment plans based on comprehensive evaluations that include oral-motor assessments and listening to the individual’s speech.

Speech therapy for a lisp typically involves exercises that enhance the client’s ability to produce specific sounds correctly. This can include:

• Target Sound Practice: Repetitive exercises for the accurate production of sounds.
• Visual Aids: Use of mirrors or visual biofeedback to help clients see the shape and movement of their mouths.
• Auditory Discrimination: Training to hear the difference between the lisp and correct sound production.

Techniques for Treating Lisps

In addition to professional therapy, individuals can practice several techniques to treat a lisp. These techniques are often prescribed by therapists but can be practiced at home for reinforcement:

• Isolation: Practicing the troublesome sound on its own repeatedly.
• Syllable Practice: Combining the sound with vowels to form syllables.
• Word Practice: Progressing to using the sound in short, then longer words.
• Sentence Practice: Incorporating the correct sound production within various sentence structures.
• Conversation Practice: Using the sound accurately during spontaneous conversation.

Furthermore, therapists may use supports to improve jaw, tongue, cheeks, and/or lip stability . Feedback is crucial, so regular monitoring through audio or video recordings can help track progress.

Speech Therapy in Education

In the educational setting, speech therapists often address a variety of communication issues, including articulation disorders such as lisps. They work closely with students to improve their speech through targeted exercises and therapies.

Common tasks of speech therapists in schools include :

• Assessing students’ speech capabilities.
• Developing individualized treatment plans.
• Conducting one-on-one or group therapy sessions.
• Collaborating with teachers and parents to support the child’s progress.

School speech therapists are equipped to treat lisps. They utilize techniques that help students correct the specific misarticulations associated with lisp disorders :

• Sibilant sounds (like ‘s’ and ‘z’) are practiced using mirror feedback and tongue positioning exercises.
• Providing proprioceptive feedback for tongue placement and jaw opening
• They also incorporate fun activities that engage students in the therapeutic process.

These experts play a vital role in supporting children with speech challenges within the school system. They boost confidence and communication skills, vital for success.

Frequently Asked Questions

In this section, readers will find answers to common questions regarding speech lisps, their causes, and the ways they differ from other speech impediments.

Can lisping be a sign of an underlying condition?

A lisp can occasionally indicate an underlying condition such as a tongue tie, where the strip of skin connecting the tongue to the floor of the mouth is shorter than usual, interfering with speech. It might also be associated with a neurological or developmental condition.

How does a lisp affect pronunciation differently from other speech impediments?

A lisp primarily affects the pronunciation of sibilants (s, z, sh, zh, ch, j) and lingua-alveolar (t, d, n, l) sounds due to the tongue’s position in the mouth, which is different from impediments like stuttering that impact the flow of speech or articulation disorders that can involve a wider range of sounds.

At what age should parents refer their child to a speech pathologist for a lisp?

If your child continues to lisp beyond 4.5-5 years old, then you should consult a speech pathologist for a screening.

Nanette Cote is an ASHA certified speech pathologist, published author, and private practice business owner with 30 years experience.

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The 4 Types of Lisps Explained

Updated: Feb 9

A person has a lisp when they cannot correctly pronounce the /s/ and /z/ sounds. This common type of functional speech disorder affects many children and adults.

Usually, the lisp develops in early childhood and goes away on its own as the child grows up, but some people have a lisp throughout their lives. There are 4 types of lisps: interdental, lateral, dentalized, and palatal. 

Read on to understand more about the different types of lisps, their causes, and how lisps are treated.

The Four Types of Lisps

Lisps are the result of incorrect placement of the tongue inside the mouth. To pronounce the /s/ sound clearly, the tip of the tongue should be just behind the front teeth in a bumpy part of the mouth called the alveolar ridge, close to the roof of the mouth but not touching it.

The sides of the tongue are raised toward the roof of the mouth. There should be room down the middle of the tongue for air to travel. The teeth should be together, and the lips should be slightly parted with the corners upturned slightly. 

/S/ sounds are unvoiced and are created completely with the shape of the passageway you create with your mouth and teeth. Any differentiation in this formation can cause a lisp. Many children have difficulties with the /s/ sound in their early speech development. Most children master the /s/ and /z/ sounds by the time they are 5 years old. 

There are many kinds of lisps. This articulation problem can be frustrating and embarrassing for children and adults. Understanding the most common types of lisps will help you to understand what causes your child’s condition so you can better know how it will be treated.

#1 Interdental Lisp

An interdental lisp, also called a frontal lisp, is the most common type of lisp. This lisp is caused by the tongue pushing forward between the teeth, creating a /th/ sound in place of the /s/ sound. This type of lisp is sometimes caused by a tongue thrust. A tongue thrust  is an orofacial disorder when a child has an abnormal tongue position.

Children with a tongue thrust may have issues with eating and drinking as well as speaking. Prolonged thumb sucking, pacifier use, allergies, and mouth breathing can also cause this issue. When the tongue constantly sits too far forward, it presses the tongue between the teeth causing the interdental lisp. 

A child with tongue thrust needs to see a dentist, orthodontist, and speech pathologist in tandem to create a comprehensive treatment to address the needs of this condition. Many tongue thrusts resolve by age six on their own, but some continue to persist.

 However, not all interdental lisps are a result of a tongue thrust. 

#2 Lateral Lisp

A lateral lisp is when the tongue is almost in the correct position, but the sides of it are not high enough in the mouth. The sound a child produces with this type of lisp is a slushy, wet sound when the /s/ or /z/ sound is made. Air escapes to the sides of the mouth rather than flowing down the middle. 

This type of lisp is often the result of incorrect tongue placement. Teeth misalignment and weak mouth muscles may also cause a lateralized lisp. Sometimes a combination of these issues is the cause. 

If your child places their tongue between their teeth while making the /s/ or /z/ sounds or their teeth seem to be placed in the wrong position, then your child may have signs of a lateral lisp. 

You will need to work with a speech-language pathologist (SLP), dentist, and orthodontist to correct a lateral lisp.

#3 Dentalized Lisp

The dentalized lisp, or addental lisp,  is similar to the interdental lisp. In this case, the child pushes their tongue against the front teeth when making the /s/ or /z/ sound. This differs from the interdental lisp, where children push their tongue through their front teeth when forming these sounds. 

The sound produced by a dentalized lisp sounds like a muffled /s/. Many children have dentalized lisps when they are younger but eventually grow out of the y around 4-5 years of age. However, if a child is still lisping at age 7 or if you feel the lisp is problematic, it is important to have a speech-language pathologist evaluate and treat the articulation error.

#4 Palatal Lisp

The least common type of lisp is the palatal lisp. This type of lisp is when the tongue raises to the hard or soft palate when making the /s/ or /z/ sound. The tongue blocks the air flow causing a muffled sound that mimics the /h/ or /y/ sounds. This speech sound is not a normal part of speech development.

If your child has a palatal lisp, experts advise you to seek out an SLP as soon as possible for evaluation. A speech-language therapist can test your child for speech therapy  and treat the lisp before it is too late to correct this speech error. 

What Causes Lisps?

Some lisps may be the cause of a tongue tie (ankyloglossia) which is a condition where a band of tissue connects the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. The tongue is unable to move freely with this condition. Tongue ties are formed before a baby is born. The tissue connection usually goes away as the baby develops. 

However, sometimes the tissue, called the frenulum, may be too short or tight and stay near the tip of the tongue. It can cause issues with eating and a child’s speech. Often, tongue ties are diagnosed while a child is still a baby and the issue is corrected with a simple procedure where the frenulum is released with a scalpel. 

Still, some milder tongue-ties may not be detected until the child is much older. Older children often have to undergo surgery to free the frenulum. A tongue tie can result in a speech delay if it is left untreated. 

Lisps can also be a result of genetics. The development of a person’s jaw, teeth, tongue, and bit can cause a lisp. Abnormalities of these mouthparts make it difficult for a child to produce the desired sounds. Oftentimes, these types of issues may need surgery for correction. 

Also, children with mild hearing loss may hear sounds at different frequencies, which can affect their ability to hear and repeat sounds correctly.

Most lisps are the result of a phonetic disorder. The person simply struggles to position their tongue, lips, teeth, and jaw correctly. A person can make the sounds, but they struggle to achieve these sounds without speech therapy.

In some cases, the cause of a lisp may be a combination of the above factors. 

Treatment for Lisps

The treatment for lisps varies based on the cause of the lisp. Some frontal lisps are simply a part of a child’s normal speech development and they will eventually grow out of it. According to the SLP's evaluation, some young children may simply be placed under observation. 

Most lisps are treated with an SLP over a few months to a few years. The older the child is once the intervention begins, the longer the treatment typically takes. A speech pathologist will work to help people with lisps recognize the sounds they make and be more aware of the position of their tongue.

During speech therapy, your child will work on intelligibility. They will practice placing the tongue in the correct place to make the /s/ and /z/ sounds. SLPs give children exercises that involve saying words and phrases over and over as part of their language therapy. They may start by working on correcting single words, first.

If your child’s lisp is the result of a dental or tongue issue, they may also need to see a dentist, orthodontist, or otolaryngologist (ears, nose, throat doctor) to help correct any obstructions to correct tongue and teeth formation.

Other Similar Speech Impediments

Many types of speech impediments affect the way a child produces sounds. Two other common ones include lambdacism and rhotacism .

With lambdacism, a child has trouble saying the /l/ sound . They often substitute that sound with the /r/ sound. Rhotacism is when a child has difficulty pronouncing the /r/ sound. The /r/ sound is one of the most challenging letters to pronounce in the English language.

There are over 32 variations on how to produce the /r/ sound. Many children have difficulty with this sound. Rhotacism is identified when a child makes a vowel-like sound or a /w/ sound instead of the /r/ sound. 

The causes of these types of speech impediments are similar to those of a lisp. It may simply be a placement issue with the tongue and mouth or there could be something such as a tongue tie obstructing the sound production. Evaluation by a speech-language pathologist will help you understand these conditions and how to treat them. 

However, children can have issues pronouncing many different letter sounds including /k/,/g/, /t/, /d/, and /e/, as well. 

How to Prevent a Lisp

You cannot always prevent children from developing a lisp. However, there are some ways you can encourage mouth muscle strength and treat issues that may lead to a higher risk of developing a lisp.

Thumb sucking can lead to dental issues or tongue placement issues that may cause a lisp. It is ideal to discourage your child from sucking their thumbs. Pacifiers can also become a problem if your child uses them for a prolonged time. The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry suggests weaning a child from a pacifier by the time they are 3 years old.

Encouraging your child to drink through a straw, blow bubbles, and play with horns will build muscle strength in the mouth that will aid in strengthening the muscles needed for producing the /s/ and /z/ sounds.

Finally, if your child has allergies and sinus problems, these may eventually lead to a lisp. It is key to seek out a medical professional to best treat your child for these issues to reduce their chances of having speech development issues. 

If you suspect any delays in speech or speech errors, it is better to seek out a medical professional than to continue to worry whether or not it may be an issue. A speech-language therapist can evaluate and treat children for a variety of speech, language, voice, and learning disorders.

Looking For A Speech Therapist to Correct a Lisp

Finding the right speech-language pathologist to help your child can be a big task. You may wonder if your insurance will cover the cost or if you’ll be able to afford to get your child the therapy he or she needs.

The California Scottish Rites Foundation  is dedicated to supporting and assisting children in California by providing childhood speech-language, literacy, and education programs at no cost. We have 17 Rite Care locations throughout California to serve communities throughout the state.

Our SLPs are trained professionals who offer individualized services that address the needs of developing children and their families. They not only help with speech, language, and education, but they also help empower children by increasing independence, decreasing frustrations, and leading children down a pathway to academic success.

A lisp is a common functional speech disorder that affects the articulation of the /s/ and /z/ sounds your child makes. The earlier this condition is detected, the easier it is to correct. The four major types of lisps: interdental, lateral, dental, and palatal are characterized by the placement of the tongue and the flow of air through the teeth. 

Lisps are treatable with the aid of a speech-language pathologist who will help coach your child on how to position the tongue to correctly pronounce the sounds. If your child’s lisp is caused by an issue with the teeth, tongue, or mouth, dentists and other specialists can help correct these issues alongside speech therapy to correct a lisp.

The earlier you seek assistance for your child, the better the outcome on their speech development.

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Types of Lisps: A Comprehensive Guide

Lisps, a speech impediment characterized by difficulty pronouncing certain sounds, can manifest in various forms, affecting children and adults. Understanding the different types of lisps is crucial to providing appropriate treatment and support for individuals struggling with speech clarity. This article will explore the common types of lisps, their causes, and how they can impact communication. By delving into these specific common speech errors and variations, we can better understand the challenges individuals with lisps face and how we can offer assistance.

Identifying the Four Main Types of Lisps

Lisps are speech impediments that disrupt the normal flow of air and tongue placement during speech, leading to misarticulation of sounds. These impediments are not just about the “s” and “z” sounds of speech delay but can affect various aspects of speech clarity and fluency. Recognizing the specific type of lisp is essential for tailored speech therapy interventions.

Interdental Lisps

Characterized by the tongue protruding between the front teeth during speech errors in the articulation of “s” and “z” sounds, an interdental lisp transforms these sounds into “th” sounds. This misplacement of the tongue directly impacts speech clarity, making it challenging for listeners to discern the intended consonants. The visual aspect of the tongue’s protrusion is also notable, often observed during speech, and can impact the speaker’s self-esteem and social interactions.

Dentalized Lisp

It occurs when the tongue is pressed too closely to the front teeth but does not extend past them, leading to a dampened or softened articulation of “s” and “z” sounds. This tongue position causes the sounds to be less sharp and more muffled, affecting the speaker’s ability to produce more crisp, clear consonants correctly. It’s a subtle deviation from normal speech patterns that can make understanding more difficult for listeners and may contribute to miscommunication.

Lateral Lisp

This most common type of lisp is distinguished by a “slushy” or “wet” sound produced when air escapes laterally, or sideways, from the tongue during the articulation of “s” and “z” sounds. The lateral air dispersion disrupts the normal flow of these sounds, leading to a distorted, unclear speech quality. The lateral lisp is particularly challenging to correct because it involves retraining the tongue’s muscle memory to direct airflow correctly.

Palatal Lisps

It involves incorrect tongue placement against or near the soft palate instead of the alveolar ridge, just behind the upper front teeth, where “s” and “z” sounds are typically formed. This incorrect positioning affects the acoustic properties of speech, resulting in a hollow or nasal quality that deviates significantly from the expected sounds. The palatal lisp can affect not only “s” and “z” sounds but also can alter the resonance of the tongue, raising the entire speech pattern, making it sound unusual and often difficult to understand.

The Interdental Lisp: Causes and Characteristics

The interdental lisp is a common speech impediment characterized by specific speech sounds made by the tongue protruding between the front teeth when articulating the “s” and “z” sounds, resulting in these sounds being perceived as “th.” This misplacement of the tongue directly hampers speech clarity, impacting both the speaker’s ability to communicate effectively and the listener’s ability to understand the speech.

Anatomical Factors

In many cases, the interdental lisp can be attributed to anatomical variances such as an oversized tongue or dental anomalies like missing teeth, which can alter the normal tongue placement and airflow necessary for clear speech production.

Habitual Causes

Persistent habits from childhood, such as thumb sucking or prolonged use of pacifiers, can contribute to the development of an interdental lisp by encouraging the tongue to rest and push forward between the teeth.

Neurological and Developmental Influences

Sometimes, the interdental lisp is linked to neurological or developmental conditions that affect muscle control and coordination, leading to difficulties achieving the correct tongue position for certain sounds.

Impact on Communication

The interdental lisp affects the clarity of speech, which can influence social interactions, confidence levels, and academic or professional opportunities for the individual. It can be particularly challenging in languages with a high prevalence of “s” and “z” sounds, making certain words or phrases more difficult to pronounce correctly.

The Lateral Lisp: Understanding Its Unique Challenges

The lateral lisp stands out among speech impediments due to its distinctive “slushy” or “wet” sound, occurring when air escapes over the sides of the tongue rather than directly through the middle during the articulation of “s” and “z” sounds. This unique airflow distortion affects not only the clarity z sound of these specific sounds but also the overall intelligibility of speech.

• Airflow Misdirection:  Central to the lateral lisp is the misdirection of airflow, which should normally flow over the center of the tongue for clear “s” and “z” sounds. In lateral lisps, the sides of the tongue allow air to escape, creating a sound that lacks the precision needed for these consonants.
• Speech Clarity Impact:  The lateral lisp’s effect on speech clarity can be significant, with the “slushy” quality of sounds making it difficult for listeners to distinguish between similar words and phrases, potentially leading to misunderstandings in communication.
• Origins and Contributing Factors:  Although the precise causes of a lateral lisp can vary, they often involve a combination of physical, developmental, and, sometimes, behavioral factors. Incorrect tongue positioning, neurological conditions affecting muscle control, and learned speech patterns can contribute to developing this lisp.
• Challenges in Correction:  Addressing a lateral lisp can be more challenging than other types due to its complex nature and the necessity for individuals to relearn the proper technique for airflow management during speech. Speech therapy plays a crucial role in this process, employing specific strategies and exercises to correct tongue placement and promote the correct airflow pathway.
• Personal and Social Implications:  Beyond the technical speech challenges, the lateral lisp can have personal and social implications for individuals, affecting self-esteem, social interactions, and academic or professional opportunities due to potential communication barriers.

The Palatal Lisp Symptoms

The palatal lisp is characterized by improper tongue placement against the hard or soft palate front, leading to distorted speech sounds. This type of lisp is recognized by its hallmark symptoms, affecting the clarity and resonance of speech, particularly for “s” and “z” sounds, which may sound muffled or hollow.

Hollow or Nasal Sound Quality

The most distinguishing symptom of a palatal lisp is the production of “s” and “z” sounds that have a hollow or nasal quality. This occurs because the tongue’s contact with the soft palate changes the normal airflow and resonance patterns during speech.

Misplaced Tongue Placement

Individuals with a palatal lisp often have difficulty positioning their tongue correctly during speech, leading it to touch or press against the soft palate instead of the hard palate. This incorrect placement significantly affects the production of certain sounds.

Challenges with Specific Sounds

The palatal lisp predominantly affects the production of “s” and “z” sounds but can also impact other sounds that require precise tongue placement and airflow control. The altered sounds can compromise speech intelligibility and clarity .

Speech Clarity and Intelligibility Issues

The symptoms of a palatal lisp can make it challenging for listeners to understand the affected individual clearly, potentially impacting communication in both personal and professional settings.

Potential Causes and Contributing Factors

A palatal lisp can result from various factors, including developmental delays, neurological conditions, or learned speech patterns. It is essential to identify these underlying causes to address the lisp effectively.

The Dentalized Lisp: How It Differs from Other Types

The dentalized lisp is a speech disorder characterized by the tongue pressing too closely against the front teeth during the production of “s” and “z” sounds, leading to speech that may sound muffled or unclear. This lisp differs significantly from others due to its specific tongue-teeth interaction and the subtle yet impactful effect on speech clarity.

Tongue Placement:  Central to the dentalized lisp is the specific placement of the tongue against the back of the upper front teeth, rather than protruding between them or misdirecting airflow laterally. This positioning creates a dampened version of “s” and “z” sounds.

Speech Clarity Impact:  Unlike the interdental lisp, where the tongue protrudes between the teeth, or the lateral lisp, characterized by air escaping over the sides of the tongue, the dentalized lisp’s primary impact is on the sharpness and clarity of speech rather than altering the sound to resemble another, such as “th.”

Identification and Diagnosis:  Recognizing a dentalized lisp involves carefully observing tongue movement and listening for the sibilant sounds’ distinctive, somewhat suppressed quality. Speech therapists utilize specific assessments to identify this lisp type and understand its impact on an individual’s speech.

Correction Strategies:  Corrective strategies for a dentalized lisp focus on retraining the tongue to maintain a slight gap from the front teeth, ensuring clearer articulation of “s” and “z” sounds. Speech therapy exercises are tailored to encourage proper tongue posture and strengthen the muscles for precise sound production.

Challenges and Considerations:  Addressing a dentalized lisp may require a multifaceted approach, especially if it’s part of a broader speech pattern or influenced by anatomical factors. Consistent practice and dental or orthodontic status adjustments can be part of the comprehensive dental treatment plan .

Strategies for Correction and Improvement: Therapy and Exercises

Overcoming lisps involves targeted strategies that blend professional speech therapy with specific exercises designed to correct tongue placement and improve a child’s speech clarity. This multifaceted approach focuses on retraining the muscles and habits responsible for lisping, offering individuals a clear path toward more articulate speech.

• Speech Therapy Sessions:  Engaging with a speech-language pathologist is fundamental for individuals with lisps. These professionals assess the type of lisp, identify underlying causes, and develop personalized therapy plans that address specific needs, providing guidance and support throughout the correction process.
• Tongue Positioning Exercises:  Exercises aimed at correcting tongue placement are central to therapy. For instance, pushing the tongue against a hard candy placed on the palate can train the tongue to retract from the teeth during speech, which is crucial for correcting interdental and dentalized lisps.
• Breath Control Techniques:  Proper airflow is essential for clear speech. Exercises focusing on controlling breath can help manage the airflow more effectively, reducing the chances of lateral lisping by ensuring air flows forward instead of sideways.
• Articulation Practice:  The repeated practice of troublesome sounds, often using phonetic placement methods to guide the tongue to the correct position, helps gradually reduce lisping. Mirror exercises can also be beneficial, allowing visual feedback for correct tongue and mouth positioning.
• Strengthening Oral Muscles:  Activities designed to strengthen the jaw, tongue, and lip muscles can improve speech clarity. Examples include blowing balloons to enhance breath control and using straws for drinking to promote muscle coordination.
• Consistent Practice:  Regular practice of exercises and speech patterns at home reinforces the progress made during therapy sessions. Consistency is key to making lasting changes in speech habits.
• Feedback and Monitoring:  Continuous feedback from the speech therapist, self-monitoring, and possibly recording speech for self-assessment can offer valuable insights into progress and areas needing further improvement.

In conclusion, several types of lisps and functional speech disorders can affect individuals of all ages. Identifying the specific type of lisp is important to provide appropriate treatment and support. By understanding the characteristics and causes of different types of lisps, individuals can work towards improving their speech and communication skills. If you or someone you know is struggling with a lisp, don’t hesitate to seek help from a speech therapist or healthcare professional. By addressing the issue early on, individuals can gain confidence and improve their overall quality of life.

Lisps: What They Are and How to Deal With Them – WebMD

https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-a-lisp

Lisps – Speech and Language UK: Changing young lives

https://speechandlanguage.org.uk/help-for-families/resource-library-for-families/lisps/

Analysis of recursive types in Lisp-like languages | ACM SIGPLAN Lisp Pointers

https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/141478.141544

Common Lisp

https://lisp-lang.org/

LISP | Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning & Programming | Britannica

https://www.britannica.com/technology/LISP-computer-language

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What’s a Lisp and How Do You Treat It?

• Virtual Speech Therapy LLC
• March 26, 2024

Reviewed by Dr. Joyce Richardson, PhD .

Table of Contents

A lisp is a speech impediment characterized by difficulty pronouncing certain sounds, particularly the “s” and “z” sounds. It’s typically addressed through speech therapy and consistent practice.

A lisp can have a big impact on those affected, especially in social situations or professional settings.

Imagine trying to have a conversation with someone who struggles with their “s” and “z” sounds – it can make things a bit awkward, right?

Fortunately, with the right support and resources, individuals can overcome the challenges associated with a lisp and develop clearer and more confident speech.

We’re here to shed some light on this topic. From the different types of lisps to what causes them and how to treat them. Keep reading to learn more.

What Causes a Lisp?

A lisp can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Structural abnormalities
• Muscle coordination issues
• Habitual factors

Sometimes it’s a case of anatomy. Structural abnormalities, such as a cleft palate, tooth misalignment, or a tongue tie can disrupt the normal airflow during speech production, leading to a lisp.

Then there’s muscle coordination. Think of it like trying to pat your head and rub your tummy at the same time – except it’s your tongue trying to hit the right spots to make those “s” and “z” sounds. Sometimes, things just don’t sync up like they’re supposed to which can be due to developmental delays or neurological conditions that affect muscle control.

Habitual factors, like prolonged use of pacifiers or thumb sucking during early childhood, can also affect the development of speech and lead to a lisp. In some cases, a lisp may be a learned behavior from hearing others speak with a lisp or imitating certain speech patterns. Breaking those habits can take some work, but it’s absolutely doable.

Identifying the root cause is the first step to tackling a lisp head-on. Whether it’s anatomy, muscle coordination, habits, or something else entirely, understanding the cause is key to finding the right treatment approach.

Impact of Lisps

Lisps can have a pretty big impact on someone’s life.

Communication Challenges

Having a lisp can make communication tricky and make it hard for individuals to express themselves clearly.

Picture trying to chat about “sunshine” but ending up with “thunthine” instead.

These communication hiccups can lead to misunderstandings and frustration, both for the person with the lisp and the ones they’re talking to.

Social and Emotional Effects

Lisps can also take a toll on confidence if you’re constantly worrying if your words will come out right or if you’ll trip over your tongue mid-sentence.

The embarrassment caused can lead to lower self-esteem and even a reluctance to speak up in public.

And for kids who are just starting to find their voice, this can really complicate things.

Different Types of Lisps

There are four main types of Lisps:

• Lateral Lisp: A lateral lisp occurs when the /s/ and /z/ sounds are produced with air flowing over the sides of the tongue, resulting in a “wet” sound.
• Palatal Lisp: In a palatal lisp, the /s/ and /z/ sounds are pronounced with the tongue in contact with the roof of your mouth, resulting in a “slushy” sound.
• Frontal Lisp: This type of lisp happens when the /s/ and /z/ sounds are pronounced with the tongue too far forward, resulting in more of a “th” sound.
• Dental Lisp: The dental lisp is the most common type of lisp and it involves the tongue coming into contact with the front teeth, resulting in the /s/ and /z/ sounds being pronounced with a “th” sound similar to the frontal lisp.

How to Treat a Lisp

Treating a lisp typically involves a combination of speech therapy with a qualified speech-language pathologist (SLP) and consistent practice.

Your SLP will suggest a treatment plan based on:

• The type of lisp you’re dealing with and,
• What is causing it.

Treatment will often include exercises to improve tongue placement, airflow, and articulation of “s” and “z” sounds.

In some cases, other interventions may be recommended, such as orofacial myofunctional therapy to address underlying muscle coordination issues, behavioral therapy to modify speech patterns and habits, or a frenotomy if a tongue tie is causing the lisp.

When Should My Child With a Lisp Get Treatment?

It depends on what’s causing it.

Depending on what’s causing your child’s lisp, you may want to take action right away, while other times, it might be best to wait and see if things improve on their own.

A frontal lisp is often just a part of young children’s developmental journey. As they grow and learn new sounds, the lisp may naturally improve on its own so a speech-language pathologist might wait until age seven before providing intervention.

A lateral lisp on the other hand is not considered a developmental distortion so treatment can begin earlier, usually around four and a half years of age, to address this type of lisp.

Consulting with a licensed speech therapist is the best way to figure out the best course of action and the timing.

How to Support Your Child With a Lisp

Whether you’re waiting it out, or actively treating the lisp, there are things you want to keep in mind in order to support your child along their journey:

• Create a supportive environment: Avoid any form of mockery or ridicule
• Encourage confidence and self-esteem: Praise their efforts and focus on their strengths, rather than their speech impediment.
• Encourage open communication: Provide a safe space for your child to express themselves without fear of judgment.
• Be mindful of their feelings: Make sure they feel included in conversations and activities and encourage peers and family members to be patient and understanding too.

Working With the Right Speech-Language Pathologist

Finding the right Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP) can make a world of difference in your or your child’s communication abilities.

Look for an SLP licensed and certified by ASHA with experience. Find someone who will customize their therapy to suit the unique requirements of your child with a lisp.

At Virtual Speech Therapy LLC , our seasoned team boasts over 50 years of collective experience, catering to individuals of all ages and diverse communication needs. Plus, we offer the convenience of therapy sessions right from the comfort of your own home.

If you’re ready to take the first step toward improving your communication abilities, reach out today to schedule your initial consultation .

More on Speech Therapy

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What is a Lisp? Definition with Examples

Written by Emily Waters

M.S. Communication Disorders @ Emerson University | CCC-SLP

When we talk about linguistic issues, there is a unique term called Lisp, which evolved from vocal complexities. At first, people think it is a speech defect, but it is more than that. Come along with us to discover all about it. We are going to discuss the definition, meaning, types, and some examples of Lisp. We will also add excellent little details to make it an exciting and unique part of our speech.

Table of Contents

What is Lisp?

Lisp is a term used when someone incorrectly pronounces the S and Z letters. This term is not restricted to the improper pronunciation of S and Z; it also involves many other alphabetical problems, such as “sh” and “ch,” because some people cannot speak these words correctly. It often develops during the early years of life and becomes correct as time passes. But in some children, lisps persist and require proper treatment. When a child goes through speech development, they must learn how to put their lips and tongue in order. 

In this way, they will be able to speak different sounds that are included in a specific language. A lisp arises when the child cannot get the lips and tongue in the proper place when they start learning the S and Z sounds. It is often seen that it becomes a habit later. That is the reason that some children, as well as adults, keep lisping until they die. Except for the inaccurate tongue and lips order, lisp may arise due to

Some problems appear from birth, like tongue-tie, while others develop during the speech development process or learning, like improper pronunciation. 

Types of Lisp

Before we move on to the examples of the lisp, we should discuss the types of lisp so that we may recognise the easy way to cure that specific kind of lisp in each example. There are four types of lisp.

1- Interdental Lisp

The interdental frontal lisp is the most widely known type. In this type, a person speaks the “th” sound instead of the “z” or “s” sound. For example, such a person will pronounce “sing” as the “thing” and “zebra” as the “thebra.” It is primarily due to tongue thrust. If your kid has such a lisp, you should show the proper placement yourself and note if they can copy the movement of your mouth. This step is beneficial for everybody, especially those who are visual learners.

2- Lateral Lisp

The lateral lisp makes a distinct sound, especially when you know what you are listening for. In this kind of speech, the tongue stays in a somewhat correct position, and the lateral sides of the tongue are raised. As a result, air escapes from either side of a person’s mouth and makes them sound “slushy.”. In this way, the speech attains a “spitty” or “wet” quality. So, we can refer to lateral slip as the “slushy lisp.” If you suspect it in your child, you must focus on the “t” technique. It helps position your child’s tongue properly to allow airflow directly from the front side of the mouth.

3- Palatal Lisp

The palatal lisp occurs when your or your loved ones’ tongue touches the soft palate, the roof of the mouth. While this kind of lisp is uncommon, it can make it hard to pronounce “s” and “z” sounds correctly. It is necessary to review accurate tongue placement to get rid of it. You must emphasise lowering your tongue slightly. As a result, the tongue does not rise so high while speaking.

4- Dentalized Lisp

The dentalized lisp is the same as the interdental lisp. It is the leading cause of the muffled sound. In this type, the tongue does not emerge entirely from the front teeth, but it pushes against the backside of the front teeth. So, the airflow is directed forward, and a lower volume is produced during speaking. Our tongue should touch the front teeth lightly to correct a decentralised lisp. Avoid touching it too hard. You can also apply the “t” technique here with the sound t-t-t-tssss. Now, it is time to discuss the examples of lisp. 

What are the Examples of Lisp?

Some people apply the limit of lisp only to “s” and “z.” We will also explain more examples now. However, the complete treatment will enable the person to eliminate all the following types of lisp.

Example 1: Soft “S” Melody

Everyone knows the importance of the word “s” in the vocabulary. As this alphabet’s sound flows smoothly, it creates a soothing sound for those who listen. A soft “s” adds a peaceful touch to every word, making it feel tranquil and elegant. So we can say that it is as calm as a whisper, giving the speech calmness. 

In addition, a pleasant auditory experience is also created while reciting poems, sharing stories, or chatting casually. In short, it converts language from a communication method to a delightful feeling for the ears, like a cool breeze in your spoken words. Knowing these critical points, correcting the lisp at an early age is essential.

Example 2: Velvet “V” Vibe

Consider the beautiful quality of the sound “v,” which reflects a silky and gentle feel in every uttered sentence. This word seems full of warmth and richness to the reader, assigning a unique character to your speech. It imparts a sense of refinement to your sound, like grabbing something cosy and velvety. 

In this way, an impression of elegance and ease is added to your spoken words. Its importance is unforgettable while making conversations or delivering stories. But the beauty of this word diminishes when you speak it improperly. So, you must avoid this kind of lisp, too.

Example 3: Charming “Ch” Cheer

“Ch” sound has a charming quality that urges the feeling of a fun dance in each spoken story. Also, it provides a cheerful and whimsical tone to the English language, making it enjoyable and lighthearted, similar to the joyful skip. Applying the “ch” in everyday or narrative speech starts a fluency journey with delicious refreshments. 

It will be a good reading and learning experience, like a happy journey. Its charm is finished due to a linguistic error. That is why, if you or your loved one are going through this situation, you are deprived of flow and exciting elements in your uttered words.

Example 4: Mystical “M” Murmur

Now, we suggest you look into the alluring mutter of the sound “m,” which resonates through sentences with a delicately mystical fascination. The “m” sound quietly appears and imparts an audible, relaxing undertone in your language. Additionally, it also sounds like a mumbled spell. This ethereal murmur improves the aural experience and provides the spoken word with a magical, subtle quality. 

In short, it generates an appealing thread, transforming each phrase into a mysterious and captivating linguistic adventure. You can enjoy the rhythm of this alphabet only when you pronounce it correctly, depending on the spelling and pronunciation of the complete word. But the lisp minimises the grace of such a graceful word.

Example 5: Dazzling “D” Delight

Nobody can deny the attraction of the adorable glimmer of the sound “d.” Adding this letter to a word or sentence is like combining beads in a pearl. This sound offers phrases or clauses an atmosphere of vitality and brightness, creating a dazzling expression in your language. 

It is similar to finding valuable diamonds in the language era. In addition, the speaking impressions also gain charm and vibrancy from the brilliant “d” sound and get sound enhancement too. You can use it in informal conversation, storytelling, and the joyful language experience. Lisp is always on the front line to reduce the worth of this sound. 

These examples show that every alphabet requires us to pronounce it reasonably. Every word has its value that gets reduced due to the lisp in some people. So, the person with such a problem needs to be treated well. For this purpose, parents can also take proper care during the speech development process. But if the lisping is severe, remember to seek medical assistance. 

Causes and Contributing Factors

It can be caused by a various factors, including:

• Orofacial anatomy: The shape and structure of the mouth, tongue, and teeth can affect speech production. A narrow palate, overbite, or underbite may contribute to a lisp.
• Muscle weakness or dysfunction: Weakness or lack of control in the muscles used for speech can lead to difficulty producing certain sounds, including “s” and “z”.
• Tongue placement and articulation: The tongue plays a crucial role in speech production, and improper placement or movement can result in a lisp.

Other factors that may contribute to a lisp include hearing loss, developmental delays, and neurological conditions such as cerebral palsy. Treatment for a lisp typically involves speech therapy to improve articulation and strengthen the muscles used for speech. In some cases, orthodontic treatment may also be recommended to address issues with the orofacial anatomy. With proper treatment and practice, many people with a lisp are able to improve their speech and communicate more effectively.

Final Thoughts

We will summarise this blog post by saying that the lisp is not a flaw but an exciting part of the language world that creates its melody in our speech. Despite calling it a defect, we can also focus on the artistic and beautiful side of its unique sound. It is a fact that lisp differs from everyday speech to an extent, and we can also enjoy the smooth feeling of all the above examples. But there is always a need to deal with this speaking issue. During childhood, people ignore this problem in their children, but at a young age, it becomes a cause of embarrassment for them. We suggest you adopt some effective therapies or practices for beautiful outcomes. 

What Is a Lisp: Its Types, Treatment, and Therapy

In this article, you will know more about....

• the 4 main types of lisps,
• their causes and treatments, and
• the role of a speech therapist in helping those with lisps.

Definition and Different Types of Lisps

Lisping is a type of speech disorder where the speaker’s articulation of certain letters, such as “s” and “z”, is affected. It can range from mild to severe and can sound like a “th” sound instead of an “s” sound. There are four common types of lisps:

1. Interdental Lisp or Frontal Lisp An interdental lisp occurs when the tongue protrudes between the front teeth while speaking, resulting in a whistling sound when making certain sounds. It is most common in children, but can affect adults as well. Although the exact causes of this condition are unknown, it is believed to be due to genetics or anatomical differences in the mouth and tongue. Additionally, some medical conditions can also lead to an interdental lisp, such as cleft palate or jaw misalignment. Environmental factors can also play a role in developing an interdental lisp. For example, if a child finds themselves surrounded by peers who have similar speech patterns, they may acquire those patterns and start producing them in their own speech. Other environmental influences include hearing loss or exposure to foreign languages with different sounds than what is typically used in one’s native language.

2. Dentalized Lisp A dental lisp occurs when the tongue touches the front teeth when pronouncing the “s” and “z” sounds, resulting in a slushy or distorted sound. Instead of making these sounds in the back of the mouth, they are often articulated further forward in the mouth, creating a lisping sound. This type of lisp can be caused by a combination of genetics, language development issues, and physical anatomical differences. Those affected by this disorder may also find it difficult to produce proper lip closure during speech. Genetics may play a role in the development of this type of lisp due to anatomical differences in the mouth, such as a small tongue or underdeveloped jaw muscles. Additionally, language development issues during childhood can also have an impact on pronunciation. For instance, if a child does not receive sufficient exposure to certain sounds during early development, they may find it difficult to master their production later on. Another possible cause for a dentalized lisp is poor oral motor control. This means that someone might have difficulty coordinating their facial and tongue muscles when producing speech, resulting in articulation mistakes. Finally, individuals with conditions like cleft palate or cerebral palsy may also be more prone to this type of lisp due to physical limitations in their mouths.

3. Palatal Lisp A palatal lisp occurs when the middle of the tongue touches the roof of the mouth when pronouncing the “s” and “z” sounds, resulting in a distorted or whistling sound. Instead of producing a proper “s” sound, they produce a “sh” sound instead. This condition can be caused by an anatomical issue like tongue tie or it can be due to incorrect muscle memory and habits. The causes of a palatal lisp are varied, ranging from anatomical issues to incorrect muscle memory and habits. Anatomical issues can arise when the tongue is too short or thick, or if there is an abnormality in the way it moves. This can interfere with how air passes through the mouth, which then affects how words are formed. Incorrect muscle memory and habits can also be a cause of a palatal lisp. These occur when incorrect sounds become automatic responses. This type of lisp may be caused by an individual’s environment growing up or due to lack of speech practice and guidance in early childhood development. Additionally, certain medical conditions such as cerebral palsy may also contribute to the development of a palatal lisp. In children, this type of lisp may also be due to developmental delays that affect their ability to produce correct sounds correctly and consistently.

4. Lateral Lisp A lateral lisp occurs when air escapes through the sides of the mouth while speaking, causing a slushy or fuzzy sound. The causes of lateral lisp are not well understood. Some speculate that developmental delays or anatomical differences are to blame. For example, if the jaw muscles are underdeveloped, it may cause an individual to produce a lisp due to difficulties in proper facial coordination during speech. Additionally, exposure to certain speech patterns from peers or family members can also lead to the development of a lateral lisp. Finally, individuals who suffer from hearing loss or conditions like cleft palate may also be more prone to developing this type of lisp.

Treatment of Different Types of Lisps

If left untreated, lisps can lead to difficulty being understood or feelings of shame associated with speaking. A speech therapist can help those with a lisp learn how to enunciate properly and confidently communicate their thoughts and feelings in public settings.

Treatment should be tailored to the individual’s needs but typically include the following:

• activities designed to help patients become aware of their problem pronunciations
• practicing tongue placement, lip rounding, breath control exercises, vocal exercises (e.g. humming or singing), and other activities that focus on building muscle memory for proper pronunciation
• using technology such as voice-recording apps or computer programs that provide feedback on pronunciation accuracy
• homework assignments that involve drills or reading aloud passages
• involving family and friends for support and encouragement to help build confidence

When treating this disorder, it is important to practice frequently in order to strengthen the muscles used for speaking correctly. In addition to traditional therapy approaches, technology has begun to play a larger role in the treatment of lisps. Apps have been developed that allow users to practice speech exercises right at home. For more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to correct any underlying medical conditions associated with it.

With dedication and perseverance, individuals can learn how to reduce their lisping tendencies and regain control over their speech.

The Role of a Speech Therapist in Treatment

A Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP) specializes in diagnosing and treating speech and language disorders. Speech therapists work with individuals of all ages, from infants to the elderly, to help them overcome their challenges and improve their communication skills.

SLPs begin with a thorough assessment of the patient’s symptoms to determine the causes and course of action. Through personalized treatment plans tailored for each patient’s needs and continual support throughout the therapy process, SLPs can make a significant difference for those seeking help with their language abilities.

The same is true with the treatment of different types of lisps. With thorough attention from a qualified professional combined with the patient’s dedication and continual practice outside of therapy sessions, it is possible to reduce symptoms and regain control over one’s communication abilities.

Accurate production of speech is essential for clear and effective communication. Proper placement and positioning of the tongue, lips, and jaw are key to achieving the correct production.

If you or anyone you know are worried about symptoms of lisping, get in touch with one of our Speech-Language Pathologists to determine if speech therapy is needed.

Related Post:

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How to pronounce the th sound (and how speech therapy helps), is depression a sign of dementia.

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